Measurement of Sub-23 nm Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines: A Comparison of Processing Methods
Technical Paper
2021-01-0626
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Sector:
Event:
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Language:
English
Abstract
Engine research has increasingly focused on emission of sub 23 nm particulates in
recent years. Likewise, current legislative efforts are being made for
particulate number (PN) emission limits to include this previously omitted size
range. In Europe, PN measurement equipment and procedures for regulatory
purposes are defined by the particle measurement programme (PMP). Latest
regulation drafts for sub 23 nm measurements specify counting efficiencies with
a 65% cut-off size at 10 nm (d65) and a minimum of 90% above 15 nm (d90). Even
though alternative instruments, such as differential mobility spectrometers
(DMS), are widely used in laboratory environments, the interpretation of their
sub 23 nm measurements has not yet been widely discussed. For this study,
particulate emissions of a 1.0L gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine have been
measured with a DMS system for low to medium speeds with two load steps. While
the particle size distribution (PSD) at the higher load conditions exhibited a
bimodal shape, the PSD for the other conditions was unimodal with a peak
position below 30 nm. Lognormal fitting of nucleation and accumulation modes
previously yielded results comparable to the established PMP, with d50 and d90
of 23 nm and 41 nm, respectively. However, this approach was found not suitable
for sub 23 nm PN measurements due to incorrect assignment of the nucleation and
accumulation modes. Recent literature suggests digital filtering of the PSD from
DMS. Here, a modified filtering equation is proposed based on the latest
legislative proposals. Subsequently, the new filter was compared with filters
for both PMP equivalent and sub 23 nm processing of DMS data. Compared to the
latter, results with the new filter showed up to 17% higher PN emissions and up
to 13.6 nm lower geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the PSD.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Pfau, S., Haffner-Staton, E., and La Rocca, A., "Measurement of Sub-23 nm Particulate Emissions from GDI Engines: A Comparison of Processing Methods," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0626, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0626.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 5 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 6 |
Also In
References
- Qian , Y. , Li , Z. , Yu , L. , Wang , X. et al. Review of the State-of-the-art of Particulate Matter Emissions from Modern Gasoline Fueled Engines Appl. Energy 238 1269 1298 2019 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.179.
- Wang , B. , Mosbach , S. , Schmutzhard , S. , Shuai , S. et al. Modelling Soot Formation from Wall Films in a Gasoline Direct Injection Wngine Using a Detailed Population Balance Model Appl. Energy 163 154 166 2016 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.011.
- Hageman , M.D. , Sakai , S.S. , and Rothamer , D.A. Determination of Soot Onset and Background Particulate Levels in a Spark-ignition Engine Proc. Combust. Inst. 35 3 2949 2956 2015 10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.105
- Richter , H. , and Howard , J.B. Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Growth to Soot - A Review of Chemical Reaction Pathways Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 26 4-6 565 608 2000 10.1016/S0360-1285(00)00009-5
- Xi , J. , and Zhong , B. Soot in Diesel Combustion Systems Chem. Eng. Technol. 29 6 665 673 2006 10.1002/ceat.200600016
- Vishwanathan , G. , and Reitz , R.D. Modeling Soot Formation Using Reduced Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Chemistry in n-heptane Lifted Flames with Application to Low Temperature Combustion J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 131 3 32801 2009 10.1115/1.3043806.
- Johansson , K.O. , Head-Gordon , M.P. , Schrader , P.E. , Wilson , K.R. , et al. Resonance-stabilized Hydrocarbon-radical Chain Reactions May Explain Soot Inception and Growth Science (80-. ). 361 6406 997 1000 2018 10.1126/science.aat3417
- Tree , D.R. , and Svensson , K.I. Soot Processes in Compression Ignition Engines Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 33 3 272 309 2007 10.1016/j.pecs.2006.03.002
- Clague , A.D.H. , Donnet , J.B. , Wang , T.K. , and Peng , J.C.M. A Comparison of Diesel Engine Soot with Carbon Black Carbon N. Y. 37 10 1553 1565 1999 10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00035-4.
- Ishiguro , T. , Takatori , Y. , and Akihama , K. Microstructure of Diesel Soot Particles Probed by Electron Microscopy: First Observation of Inner Core and Outer Shell Combust. Flame 108 1-2 231 234 1997 10.1016/S0010-2180(96)00206-4
- Morgan , N. , Kraft , M. , Balthasar , M. , Wong , D. et al. Numerical Simulations of Soot Aggregation in Premixed Laminar Flames Proc. Combust. Inst. 31 1 693 700 2007 10.1016/j.proci.2006.08.021.
- Müller , J.-O. , Su , D.S. , Wild , U. , and Schlögl , R. Bulk and Surface Structural Investigations of Diesel Engine Soot and Carbon Black Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9 30 4018 4025 2007 10.1039/b704850e
- La Rocca , A. , Bonatesta , F. , Fay , M.W. , and Campanella , F. Characterisation of Soot in Oil from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Transmission Electron Microscopy Tribol. Int. 86 77 84 2015 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.01.025.
- Omidvarborna , H. , Kumar , A. , and Kim , D.-S. Recent Studies on Soot Modeling for Diesel Combustion Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 48 635 647 2015 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.019
- Stanmore , B.R. , Brilhac , J.-F. , and Gilot , P. The Oxidation of Soot: A Review of Experiments, Mechanisms and Models Carbon N. Y. 39 15 2247 2268 2001 10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00109-9.
- Service , R.F. Climate Change: Study Fingers Soot as a Major Player in Global Warming Science (80-. ). 319 5871 1745 2008 10.1126/science.319.5871.1745
- Mari , X. , Lefèvre , J. , Torréton , J.-P. , Bettarel , Y. et al. Effects of Soot Deposition on Particle Dynamics and Microbial Processes in Marine Surface Waters Global Biogeochem. Cycles 28 7 662 678 2014 10.1002/2014GB004878.
- Oberdörster , G. , Oberdörster , E. , and Oberdörster , J. Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles Environ. Health Perspect. 113 7 823 839 2005 10.1289/ehp.7339
- Green , D.A. , and Lewis , R. The Effects of Soot-contaminated Engine Oil on Wear and Friction: A Review Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng. 222 9 1669 1689 2008 10.1243/09544070JAUTO468
- Antusch , S. , Dienwiebel , M. , Nold , E. , Albers , P. et al. On the Tribochemical Action of Engine Soot Wear 269 1-2 1 12 2010 10.1016/j.wear.2010.02.028.
- George , S. , Balla , S. , Gautam , V. , and Gautam , M. Effect of Diesel Soot on Lubricant Oil Viscosity Tribol. Int. 40 5 809 818 2007 10.1016/j.triboint.2006.08.002
- Council Directive 91/441/EEC of 26 June 1991 Amending Directive 70/220/EEC on the Approximation of the Laws of the Member States Relating to Measures to be Taken Against Air Pollution by Emissions from Motor Vehicles Off. J. Eur. Communities L242 1 106 1991 1991
- Braisher , M. , Stone , R. , and Price , P. Particle Number Emissions from a Range of European Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0786 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0786.
- Giechaskiel , B. , Mamakos , A. , Andersson , J. , Dilara , P. et al. Measurement of Automotive Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions within the European Legislative Framework: A Review Aerosol Sci. Technol. 46 7 719 749 2012 10.1080/02786826.2012.661103.
- Directive 98/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 Relating to Measures to be Taken Against Air Pollution by Emissions from Motor Vehicles and Amending Council Directive 70/220/EEC Off. J. Eur. Communities L350 1 57 1998 1998
- Giechaskiel , B. , Dilara , P. , and Andersson , J. Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-duty Inter-laboratory Exercise: Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Particle Number Method Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42 7 528 543 2008 10.1080/02786820802220241.
- Giechaskiel , B. , Maricq , M. , Ntziachristos , L. , Dardiotis , C. et al. Review of Motor vehicle Particulate Emissions Sampling and Measurement: From Smoke and Filter Mass to Particle Number J. Aerosol Sci. 67 48 86 2014 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.09.003.
- Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/646 of 20 April 2016 Amending Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 as Regards Emissions from Light Passenger and Commercial Vehicles (Euro 6) Off. J. Eur. Union L109 1 22 2016 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016R0646
- Lapuerta , M. , Oliva , F. , Agudelo , J.R. , and Boehman , A.L. Effect of Fuel on the Soot Nanostructure and Consequences on Loading and Regeneration of Diesel Particulate Filters Combust. Flame 159 2 844 853 2012 10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.09.003
- He , X. , Ratcliff , M.A. , and Zigler , B.T. Effects of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Operating Parameters on Particle Number Emissions Energy & Fuels 26 4 2014 2027 2012 10.1021/ef201917p
- Kulkarni , P. , Baron , P.A. , and Willeke , K. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications 3rd Hoboken, NJ, USA John Wiley & Sons 2011 10.1002/9781118001684
- Symonds , J.P.R. , Reavell , K.S.J. , Olfert , J.S. , Campbell , B.W. et al. Diesel Soot Mass Calculation in Real-time with a Differential Mobility Spectrometer J. Aerosol Sci. 38 1 52 68 2007 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2006.10.001.
- Zinola , S. , Leblanc , M. , Rouleau , L. , Dunand , X. et al. Measurement of Sub-23 nm Particles Emitted by Gasoline Direct Injection Engine with New Advanced Instrumentation SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-2195 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2195
- Leach , F.C.P. 2014
- Leach , F. , Stone , R. , Richardson , D. , Lewis , A. et al. Particulate Emissions from a Highly Boosted Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Int. J. Engine Res. 19 3 347 359 2018 10.1177/1468087417710583
- Leach , F.C.P. , Stone , R. , Richardson , D. , Turner , J.W.G. et al. The Effect of Oxygenate Fuels on PN Emissions from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine Fuel 225 277 286 2018 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.148.
- Leach , F.C.P. , Stone , R. , Richardson , D. , Lewis , A.G.J. et al. The Effect of Fuel Composition on Particulate Emissions from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine - An Evaluation of Three Particulate Indices Fuel 252 598 611 2019 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.115
- Leach , F. , Lewis , A. , Akehurst , S. , Turner , J. et al. Sub-23 nm Particulate Emissions from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0153 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0153
- Giechaskiel , B. , Lähde , T. , Suarez-Bertoa , R. , Clairotte , M. et al. Particle Number Measurements in the European Legislation and Future JRC Activities Combust. Engines 174 3 3 16 2018 10.19206/CE-2018-301
- Horn , H.G. PEMs4Nano Report: Calibrated CPC with D50 <= 10 nm for Laboratory Use - Together with the Documented Calibration Procedure 2017 https://pems4nano.eu/results/
- Kumar , P. , Fennell , P. , Symonds , J. , and Britter , R. Treatment of Losses of Ultrafine Aerosol Particles in Long Sampling Tubes During Ambient Measurements Atmos. Environ. 42 38 8819 8826 2008 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.003
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2020 https://wiki.unece.org/display/trans/PMP+Web+Conference+11+May+2020
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 2020 https://wiki.unece.org/display/trans/PMP+52th+Session
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe https://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29grpe/grpeinf81.html