This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
A Review of Toxicity Analysis of Particulate Emissions from Conventional and Low-Temperature Combustion Engines
Technical Paper
2021-01-0617
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Event:
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Language:
English
Abstract
Automotive engines produce pollutant species which has the potential to damage human health as well as the environment. The toxicity potential of these species depends on the concentration, route, and exposure time. Toxicity studies are required in the current scenario due to increased pollution levels by vehicles used for transportation. This study is a review focused on the toxicity analysis of particulate, elemental (particle associated as soot), and organic carbon (organic fraction, PAHs) emission from the internal combustion engine with conventional and alternative fuels like biodiesel and alcohol. The study is focused on the formation, characterization, and quantification of particulate matter, elemental and organic carbon, and their effect on human health. The other part of the study is focused on mutagenicity (mutation in DNA) and cytotoxicity (cell toxicity) of the particulate emitted from the engines. Mutagenicity analysis determines the carcinogenic nature of a chemical species. The present study investigates the reasons for the formation of such pollutant, their morphology, and role in the toxicity of ambient air. Additionally, the paper provides new insight into the investigation of particulate matter’s nature and its effect on human health and the environment.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Yadav, N., Saxena, M., and Maurya, R., "A Review of Toxicity Analysis of Particulate Emissions from Conventional and Low-Temperature Combustion Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0617, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0617.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 5 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 6 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 7 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 8 |
Also In
References
- Gupta , P.K. Fundamentals of Toxicology: Essential Concepts and Applications Academic Press 2016
- Altug , T. Introduction to Toxicology and Food CRC Press 2002
- Landis , W. , Sofield , R. , Yu , M.-H. , Landis , W.G. , and Yu , M.-H. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology: Impacts of Chemicals upon Ecological Systems CRC Press 2003
- Baldwin , N. , Gilani , O. , Raja , S. , Batterman , S. et al. Factors Affecting Pollutant Concentrations in the Near-Road Environment Atmospheric Environment 115 223 235 2015
- Rizwan , S.A. , Nongkynrih , B. , and Gupta , S.K. Air Pollution in Delhi: Its Magnitude and Effects on Health Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine 38 1 4 2013
- Heywood , J.B. Fundamentals of Internal Combustion Engines New York Tata McGraw Hills 1988
- Heywood , J.B. Pollutant Formation and Control in Spark-Ignition Engines Energy and Combustion Science Pergamon 1979 229 258
- Demers , D. , and Walters , G. BAeSAME Bristol 1999
- Maricq , M. Chemical Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines: A Review Journal of Aerosol Science 38 11 1079 1118 2007
- Reşitoʇlu , I.A. , Altinişik , K. , and Keskin , A. The Pollutant Emissions from Diesel-Engine Vehicles and Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy Springer Verlag 10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9
- Kittelson , D.B. Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review Journal of Aerosol Science 29 5-6 575 588 1998
- Agarwal , A.K. , Gupta , T. , Dixit , N. , and Shukla , P.C. Assessment of Toxic Potential of Primary and Secondary Particulates/Aerosols from Biodiesel vis-a-vis Mineral Diesel Fuelled Engine Inhalation Toxicology 25 6 325 332 2013
- Chang , S.L.A. Expanding Our Understanding of Human Skin Aging Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136 5 897 899 2016
- Trebs , I. , Bohn , B. , Ammann , C. , Rummel , U. et al. Relationship Between the NO 2 Photolysis Frequency and the Solar Global Irradiance Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 2 2 725 739 2009
- Ji , X. , Han , M. , Yun , Y. , Li , G. , and Sang , N. Acute Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Exposure Enhances Airway Inflammation via Modulating Th1/Th2 Differentiation and Activating JAK-STAT Pathway Chemosphere 120 722 728 2015
- Martin , R.A. , Ather , J.L. , Daggett , R. , Hoyt , L. et al. The Endogenous Th17 Response in NO 2-Promoted Allergic Airway Disease is Dispensable for Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Distinct from Th17 Adoptive Transfer PloS One 8 9 e74730 2013
- Depayras , S. , Tatiana , K. , Heipieper , H.J. , Feuilloley , M.G.J. et al. The Hidden Face of Nitrogen Oxides Species: From Toxic Effects to Potential Cure? Emerging Pollutants: Some Strategies for the Quality Preservation of Our Environment 2018 19
- Krzeszowiak , J. , Stefanow , D. , and Pawlas , K. The Impact of Particulate Matter (PM) and Nitric Oxides (NOx) on Human Health and an Analysis of Selected Sources Accounting for their Emission in Poland Medycyna Środowiskowa-Environmental Medicine 19 3 7 15 2016
- Laumbach , R.J. , and Kipen , H.M. Respiratory Health Effects of Air Pollution: Update on Biomass Smoke and Traffic Pollution Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 129 1 3 11 2012
- Franchini , M. , and Mannucci , P.M. Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Diseases: Outcomes and Mechanisms Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 5 11 2169 2174 2007
- Resch , H. , Zawinka , C. , Weigert , G. , Schmetterer , L. , and Garhofer , G. Inhaled Carbon Monoxide Increases Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow in Healthy Humans Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 46 11 2005 4275 4280
- Ross , A.M.F. The Effects of Exposure to Small Quantities of Carbon Monoxide on Vision Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 174 1 1970
- Cdr John , H. , and Schulte , M.C. Effects of Mild Carbon Monoxide Intoxication Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 7 5 524 530 1963
- Aronow , W.S. Effect of Carbon Monoxide on Cardiovascular Disease Preventive Medicine 8 3 271 278 1979
- Neto , C.A. , Yanagihara , J.I. , and Turri , F. A Carbon Monoxide Transport Model of the Human Respiratory System Applied to Urban Atmosphere Exposure Analysis Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 30 3 253 260 2008
- Haupt , D. , Nord , K. , Egebäck , K. , and Ahlvik , P. Hydrocarbons and Aldehydes from a Diesel Engine Running on Ethanol and Equipped With EGR, Catalyst and DPF SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1882 2004 https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1882
- Pundir , B.P. IC Engines: Combustion and Emissions Alpha Science International 2010
- Awad , O.I. , Ma , X. , Kamil , M. , Ali , O.M. et al. Particulate Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Engines: A Review of How Current Emission Regulations are being Met by Automobile Manufacturers Science of The Total Environment 718 137302 2020
- Mohankumar , S. , and Senthilkumar , P. Particulate Matter Formation and its Control Methodologies for Diesel Engine: A Comprehensive Review Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80 1227 1238 2017
- Liu , Q. , Babadjouni , R. , Radwanski , R. , Cheng , H. et al. Stroke Damage is Exacerbated by Nano-Size Particulate Matter in a Mouse Model PLoS One 11 4 e0153376 2016
- Williams , P. , Andrews , G. , and Bartle , K. The Role of Lubricating Oil in Diesel Particulate and Particulate PAH Emissions SAE Technical Paper 872084 1987 https://doi.org/10.4271/872084
- Haupt , D. , Nord , K. , Egebäck , K. , and Ahlvik , P. Hydrocarbons and Aldehydes from a Diesel Engine Running on Ethanol and Equipped with EGR, Catalyst and DPF SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1882 2004 https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1882
- Lanni , T. , Frank , B. , Tang , S. , Rosenblatt , D. et al. Performance and Emissions Evaluation of Compressed Natural Gas and Clean Diesel Buses at New York City’s Metropolitan Transit Authority SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0300 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0300
- McGill , R. , Storey , J. , Wagner , R. , Irick , D. et al. Emission Performance of Selected Biodiesel Fuels SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1866 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1866
- Takada , K. , Yoshimura , F. , Ohga , Y. , Kusaka , J. et al. Experimental Study on Unregulated Emission Characteristics of Turbocharged DI Diesel Engine with Common Rail Fuel Injection System SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3158 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-3158
- Maurya , R.K. Characteristics and Control of Low Temperature Combustion Engines Springer 2018
- Price , P. , Stone , R. , Misztal , J. , Xu , H. et al. Particulate Emissions from a Gasoline Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0209 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0209
- Misztal , J. , Xu , H. , Tsolakis , A. , Wyszynski , M.L. et al. Influence of Inlet Air Temperature on Gasoline HCCI Particulate Emissions Combustion Science and Technology 181 5 695 709 2009
- Misztal , J. , Xu , H.M. , Wyszynski , M.L. , Price , P. et al. Effect of Injection Timing on Gasoline Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Particulate Emissions International Journal of Engine Research 10 6 419 430 2009
- Franklin , L. Effects of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Control Strategies on Particulate Emissions of Ethanol Fuel 2010
- Park , M. , Joo , H.S. , Lee , K. , Jang , M. et al. Differential Toxicities of Fine Particulate Matters from Various Sources Scientific Reports 8 1 1 11 2018
- Lademann , J. , Schaefer , H. , Otberg , N. , Teichmann , A. et al. Penetration of Microparticles into Human Skin Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, und verwandte Gebiete 55 12 1117 1119 2004
- Vierkötter , A. , and Krutmann , J. Environmental Influences on Skin Aging and Ethnic-Specific Manifestations Dermato-Endocrinology 4 3 227 231 2012
- https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/particulate-matter-pm-basics
- Puri , P. , Nandar , S.K. , Kathuria , S. , and Ramesh , V. Effects of Air Pollution on the Skin: A Review Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology 83 4 415 2017
- Møller , P. , Jacobsen , N.R. , Folkmann , J.K. , Danielsen , P.H. et al. Role of Oxidative Damage in Toxicity of Particulates Free Radical Research 44 1 1 46 2010
- Wu , W. , Graves , L.M. , Jaspers , I. , Devlin , R.B. et al. Activation of the EGF Receptor Signaling Pathway in Human Airway Epithelial Cells Exposed to Metals American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 277 5 L924 L931 1999
- Smith , K.R. , and Aust , A.E. Mobilization of Iron from Urban Particulates Leads to Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species In Vitro and Induction of Ferritin Synthesis in Human Lung Epithelial Cells Chemical Research in Toxicology 10 7 828 834 1997
- Warnatz , J. , Maas , U. , and Dibble , R.W. Combustion Berlin Heidelberg Springer-Verlag 2006
- Calabrese , E.J. , Moore , G.S. , Guisti , R.A. , Rowan , C.A. , and Schulz , E.N. A Review of Human Health Effects Associated with Exposure to Diesel Fuel Exhaust Environment International 5 4-6 473 477 1981
- Dockery , D.W. , Schwartz , J. , and Spengler , J.D. Air Pollution and Daily Mortality: Associations with Particulates and Acid Aerosols Environmental Research 59 2 362 373 1992
- ILSI , R.S.I. The Relevance of the Rat Lung Response to Particle Overload for Human Risk Assessment: A Workshop Consensus Report Inhalation Toxicology 12 1-2 1 2000
- Charles , R. US EPA Health Assessment for Diesel Engine Exhaust: A Review Inhalation Toxicology 19 1 2007 229 239
- EPA, US 2003
- Mauderly , J.L. , Griffith , W.C. , Henderson , R.F. , Jones , R.K. , and McClellan , R.O. Evidence from Animal Studies for the Carcinogenicity of Inhaled Diesel Exhaust Nitroarenes Boston, MA Springer 1990 1 13
- Nikula , K.J. , Snipes , M.B. , Barr , E.B. , Griffith , W.C. et al. Comparative Pulmonary Toxicities and Carcinogenicities of Chronically Inhaled Diesel Exhaust and Carban Black in f344 Rats Toxicological Sciences 25 1 80 94 1995
- Pepelko , W.E. , and Peirano , W.B. Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Engine Emissions: A Summary of Animal Studies Conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Health Effects Research Laboratories at Cincinnati, Ohio Journal of the American College of Toxicology 2 4 253 306 1983
- McDowell , S.A. , Gammon , K. , Bachurski , C.J. , Wiest , J.S. et al. Differential Gene Expression in the Initiation and Progression of Nickel-Induced Acute Lung Injury American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 23 4 466 474 2000
- Hauser , R. , Eisen , E.A. , Pothier , L. , and Christiani , D.C. A Prospective Study of Lung Function Among Boilermaker Construction Workers Exposed to Combustion Particulates American Journal of Industrial Medicine 39 5 454 462 2001
- Schraufnagel , D.E. The Health Effects of Ultrafine Particles Experimental & Molecular Medicine 2020 1 7
- Maynard , A.D. , and Aitken , R.J. Assessing Exposure to Airborne Nanomaterials: Current Abilities and Future Requirements Nanotoxicology 1 1 26 41 2007
- Knaapen , A.M. , Borm , P.J. , Albrecht , C. , and Schins , R.P. Inhaled Particles and Lung Cancer. Part A: Mechanisms International Journal of Cancer 109 6 799 809 2004
- Cheung , K.L. , Ntziachristos , L. , Tzamkiozis , T. , Schauer , J.J. et al. Emissions of Particulate Trace Elements, Metals and Organic Species from Gasoline, Diesel, and Biodiesel Passenger Vehicles and Their Relation to Oxidative Potential Aerosol Science and Technology 44 7 500 513 2010
- Verma , V. , Shafer , M.M. , Schauer , J.J. , and Sioutas , C. Contribution of Transition Metals in the Reactive Oxygen Species Activity of PM Emissions from Retrofitted Heavy-Duty Vehicles Atmospheric Environment 44 39 5165 5173 2010
- Wang , Y.F. , Huang , K.L. , Li , C.T. , Mi , H.H. et al. Emissions of Fuel Metals Content from a Diesel Vehicle Engine Atmospheric Environment 37 33 4637 4643 2003
- Weber , S. , Hoffmann , P. , Ensling , J. , Dedik , A.N. et al. Characterization of Iron Compounds from Urban and Rural Aerosol Sources Journal of Aerosol Science 31 8 987 997 2000
- Valavanidis , A. , Salika , A. , and Theodoropoulou , A. Generation of Hydroxyl Radicals by Urban Suspended Particulate Air Matter. The Role of Iron Ions Atmospheric Environment 34 15 2379 2386 2000
- Maurya , R.K. , and Agarwal , A.K. Particulate Morphology and Toxicity of an Alcohol Fuelled HCCI Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 1 323 336 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-9076
- Agarwal , A.K. , Singh , A.P. , Lukose , J. , and Gupta , T. Characterization of Exhaust Particulates from Diesel Fueled Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine Journal of Aerosol Science 58 71 85 2013
- Turpin , B.J. , and Huntzicker , J.J. Identification of Secondary Organic Aerosol Episodes and Quantitation of Primary and Secondary Organic Aerosol Concentrations During SCAQS Atmospheric Environment 29 23 3527 3544 1995
- Houghton , J.T. The Scientific Basis; Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge University Press 2001
- Li , W. , and Bai , Z. Characteristics of Organic and Elemental Carbon in Atmospheric Fine Particles in Tianjin, China Particuology 7 6 432 437 2009
- Cao , J.J. , Lee , S.C. , Chow , J.C. , Watson , J.G. et al. Spatial and Seasonal Distributions of Carbonaceous Aerosols over China Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 112 D22 2007
- Dan , M.O. , Zhuang , G. , Li , X. , Tao , H. , and Zhuang , Y. The Characteristics of Carbonaceous Species and Their Sources in PM2. 5 in Beijing Atmospheric Environment 38 21 3443 3452 2004
- Duan , F. , He , K. , Ma , Y. , Jia , Y. et al. Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosols in Beijing, China Chemosphere 60 3 355 364 2005
- Duan , J. , Tan , J. , Cheng , D. , Bi , X. et al. Sources and Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosol in Two Largest Cities in Pearl River Delta Region, China Atmospheric Environment 41 14 2895 2903 2007
- Zhang , Z.H. , and Balasubramanian , R. Effects of Oxygenated Fuel Blends on the Composition of Size-Segregated Engine-Out Diesel Particulate Emissions and on the Toxicity of Quasi-Ultrafine Particles Fuel 215 161 170 2018
- Mumtaz , M.M. , George , J.D. , Gold , K.W. , Cibulas , W. , and DeRosa , C.T. ATSDR Evaluation of Health Effects of Chemicals. IV. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Understanding a Complex Problem Toxicology and Industrial Health 12 6 742 971 1996
- Hayakawa , K. Environmental Behaviors and Toxicities of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 64 2 83 94 2016
- Kaushik , C.P. , and Haritash , A.K. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Environmental Health Our Earth 3 3 1 7 2006
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1-Nitropyrene
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Benzo_a_pyrene
- IARC IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Geneva WHO 2014
- Siddens , L.K. , Larkin , A. , Krueger , S.K. , Bradfield , C.A. et al. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Skin Carcinogens: Comparison of Benzo [a] Pyrene, dibenzo [def, p] Chrysene and Three Environmental Mixtures in the FVB/N Mouse Toxicology and applied pharmacology 264 3 377 386 2012
- Barraza-Villarreal , A. , Escamilla-Nuñez , M.C. , Schilmann , A. , Hernandez-Cadena , L. et al. Lung Function, Airway Inflammation, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure in Mexican Schoolchildren: A Pilot Study Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine/American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56 4 415 2014
- Mortamais , M. , Pujol , J. , Van Drooge , B.L. , Macià , D. et al. Effect of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Basal Ganglia and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Primary School Children Environment International 105 12 19 2017
- https://microbiologyinfo.com/ames-test/
- Seagrave , J.C. , McDonald , J.D. , Gigliotti , A.P. , Nikula , K.J. et al. Mutagenicity and In Vivo Toxicity of Combined Particulate and Semivolatile Organic Fractions of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Emissions Toxicological Sciences 70 2 212 226 2002
- Seagrave , J. , Mauderly , J.L. , and Seilkop , S.K. In Vitro Relative Toxicity Screening of Combined Particulate and Semivolatile Organic Fractions of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Emissions Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 66 12 1113 1132 2003
- Seagrave , J. , Knall , C. , McDonald , J.D. , and Mauderly , J.L. Diesel Particulate Material Binds and Concentrates a Proinflammatory Cytokine that Causes Neutrophil Migration Inhalation Toxicology 16 1 2004 93 98
- McDonald , J.D. , Harrod , K.S. , Seagrave , J. , Seilkop , S.K. , and Mauderly , J.L. Effects of Low Sulfur Fuel and a Catalyzed Particle Trap on the Composition and Toxicity of Diesel Emissions Environmental Health Perspectives 112 13 1307 1312 2004
- McDonald , J.D. , Eide , I. , Seagrave , J. , Zielinska , B. et al. Relationship Between Composition and Toxicity of Motor Vehicle Emission Samples Environmental Health Perspectives 112 15 1527 1538 2004
- Seagrave , J. , McDonald , J.D. , and Mauderly , J.L. In Vitro Versus In Vivo Exposure to Combustion Emissions Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 57 233 238 2005
- Seagrave , J. , Dunaway , S. , McDonald , J.D. , Mauderly , J.L. et al. Responses of Differentiated Primary Human Lung Epithelial Cells to Exposure to Diesel Exhaust at an Air-Liquid Interface Experimental Lung Research 33 1 27 51 2007
- McDonald , J.D. , Reed , M.D. , Campen , M.J. , Barrett , E.G. , Seagrave , J. , and Mauderly , J.L. Health Effects of Inhaled Gasoline Engine Emissions Inhalation Toxicology 19 1 2007 107 116
- Gerlofs-Nijland , M.E. , Totlandsdal , A.I. , Tzamkiozis , T. , Leseman , D.L.C. et al. Cell Toxicity and Oxidative Potential of Engine Exhaust Particles: Impact of Using Particulate Filter or Biodiesel Fuel Blend Environmental Science & Technology 47 11 5931 5938 2013
- Agarwal , A.K. , Singh , A.P. , Gupta , T. , Agarwal , R.A. et al. Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity of Particulate Matter Emitted from Biodiesel-Fueled Engines Environmental Science & Technology 52 24 14496 14507 2018
- Agarwal , A.K. , Ateeq , B. , Gupta , T. , Singh , A.P. et al. Toxicity and Mutagenicity of Exhaust from Compressed Natural Gas: Could this be a Clean Solution for Megacities with Mixed-Traffic Conditions? Environmental Pollution 239 499 511 2018
- Bünger , J. , Krahl , J. , Franke , H.U. , Munack , A. , and Hallier , E. Mutagenic and Cytotoxic Effects of Exhaust Particulate Matter of Biodiesel Compared to Fossil Diesel Fuel Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 415 1 13 2 23 1998
- Fakinle , B.S. , Sonibare , J.A. , Akeredolu , F.A. , Okedere , O.B. , and Jimoda , L.A. Toxicity Potential of Particulates in the Airshed of Haulage Vehicle Park Global NEST Journal 15 4 466 473 2013
- Campen , M. , Robertson , S. , Lund , A. , Lucero , J. , and McDonald , J. Engine Exhaust Particulate and Gas Phase Contributions to Vascular Toxicity Inhalation Toxicology 26 6 353 360 2014
- Agarwal , A.K. , Gupta , T. , and Kothari , A. Toxic Potential Evaluation of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Constant Speed Compression Ignition Engine: A Comparison Between Straight Vegetable Oil and Mineral Diesel Aerosol Science and Technology 44 9 724 733 2010
- Gangwar , J. , Gupta , T. , Gupta , S. , and Agarwal , A.K. Emissions from Diesel Versus Biodiesel Fuel used in a CRDI SUV Engine: PM Mass and Chemical Composition Inhalation Toxicology 23 8 449 458 2011
- Gangwar , J.N. , Gupta , T. , and Agarwal , A.K. Composition and Comparative Toxicity of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Diesel and Biodiesel Fuelled CRDI Engine Atmospheric Environment 46 472 481 2012
- Agarwal , A.K. , Gupta , T. , Dixit , N. , and Shukla , P.C. Assessment of Toxic Potential of Primary and Secondary Particulates/Aerosols from Biodiesel vis-a-vis Mineral Diesel Fuelled Engine Inhalation Toxicology 25 6 325 332 2013
- Agarwal , A.K. , Shrivastava , A. , and Prasad , R.K. Evaluation of Toxic Potential of Particulates Emitted from Jatropha Biodiesel Fuelled Engine Renewable Energy 99 564 572 2016
- Shukla , P.C. , Gupta , T. , Labhsetwar , N.K. , and Agarwal , A.K. Trace Metals and Ions in Particulates Emitted by Biodiesel Fuelled Engine Fuel 188 603 609 2017
- Agarwal , A.K. , Shukla , P.C. , Patel , C. , Gupta , J.G. et al. Unregulated Emissions and Health Risk Potential from Biodiesel (KB5, KB20) and Methanol Blend (M5) Fuelled Transportation Diesel Engines Renewable Energy 98 283 291 2016
- McDonald , J.D. , Campen , M.J. , Harrod , K.S. , Seagrave , J. et al. Engine-Operating Load Influences Diesel Exhaust Composition and Cardiopulmonary and Immune Responses Environmental Health Perspectives 119 8 1136 1141 2011
- Turrio-Baldassarri , L. , Battistelli , C.L. , Conti , L. , Crebelli , R. et al. Evaluation of Emission Toxicity of Urban Bus Engines: Compressed Natural Gas and Comparison with Liquid Fuels Science of the Total Environment 355 1 64 3 77 2006
- Liu , Y.Y. , Lin , T.C. , Wang , Y.J. , and Ho , W.L. Biological Toxicities of Emissions from an Unmodified Engine Fueled with Diesel and Biodiesel Blend Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A 43 14 1735 1743 2008
- Cho , S.H. , Tong , H. , McGee , J.K. , Baldauf , R.W. et al. Comparative Toxicity of Size-Fractionated Airborne Particulate Matter Collected at Different Distances from an Urban Highway Environmental Health Perspectives 117 11 1682 1689 2009
- Cheung , K.L. , Polidori , A. , Ntziachristos , L. , Tzamkiozis , T. , Samaras , Z. , Cassee , F.R. , and Sioutas , C. Chemical Characteristics and Oxidative Potential of Particulate Matter Emissions from Gasoline, Diesel, and Biodiesel Cars Environmental Science & Technology 16 2009 6334 6340
- Fox , J.R. , Cox , D.P. , Drury , B.E. , Gould , T.R. et al. Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Toxicity of Diesel Exhaust Particulate Matter Generated under Varying Conditions Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 8 5 507 519 2015
- Munoz , M. , Heeb , N.V. , Haag , R. , Honegger , P. et al. Bioethanol Blending Reduces Nanoparticle, PAH, and Alkyl-and Nitro-PAH Emissions and the Genotoxic Potential of Exhaust from a Gasoline Direct Injection Flex-Fuel Vehicle Environmental Science & Technology 50 21 11853 11861 2016
- Wu , D. , Zhang , F. , Lou , W. , Li , D. , and Chen , J. Chemical Characterization and Toxicity Assessment of Fine Particulate Matters Emitted from the Combustion of Petrol and Diesel Fuels Science of the Total Environment 605 172 179 2017
- Stevanovic , S. , Vaughan , A. , Hedayat , F. , Salimi , F. et al. Oxidative Potential of Gas Phase Combustion Emissions-An Underestimated and Potentially Harmful Component of Air Pollution from Combustion Processes Atmospheric Environment 158 227 235 2017
- Sun , C. , Qiao , X. , Ju , D. , Tang , Q. et al. Composition and Toxicity of Particulate Matter Emitted from Turbocharged Common Rail DME-Biodiesel Engine Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020 1 15
- El-Shobokshy , M.S. The Effect of Diesel Engine Load on Particulate Carbon Emission Atmospheric Environment (1967) 18 11 2305 2311 1984
- Neer , A. , and Koylu , U.O. Effect of Operating Conditions on the Size, Morphology, and Concentration of Submicrometer Particulates Emitted from a Diesel Engine Combustion and Flame 146 1 2 142 154 2006
- Kittelson , D.B. Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review Journal of Aerosol Science 29 5 6 575 588 1998
- Gupta , S. , Cole , R. , Vazquez , F.M. , and Sekar , R. Particulate Emissions from a Modern Light Duty CIDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1869 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-1869
- Virtanen , A.K. , Ristimäki , J.M. , Vaaraslahti , K.M. , and Keskinen , J. Effect of Engine Load on Diesel Soot Particles Environmental Science & Technology 38 9 2551 2556 2004
- Zhu , J. , Lee , K.O. , Yozgatligil , A. , and Choi , M.Y. Effects of Engine Operating Conditions on Morphology, Microstructure, and Fractal Geometry of Light-Duty Diesel Engine Particulates Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30 2 2781 2789 2005
- Sabathil , D. , Koenigstein , A. , Schaffner , P. , Fritzsche , J. , and Doehler , A. The Influence of DISI Engine Operating Parameters on Particle Number Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0143 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0143
- Peckham , M.S. , Finch , A. , Campbell , B. , Price , P. , and Davies , M.T. Study of Particle Number Emissions from a Turbocharged Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engine Including Data from a Fast-Response Particle Size Spectrometer SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1224 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1224
- Beddows , D.C. , and Harrison , R.M. Comparison of Average Particle Number Emission Factors for Heavy and Light Duty Vehicles Derived from Rolling Chassis Dynamometer and Field Studies Atmospheric Environment 42 34 7954 7966 2008
- Kittelson , D.B. Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review Journal of Aerosol Science 29 5 6 575 588 1998
- Mathis , U. , Mohr , M. , Kaegi , R. , Bertola , A. , and Boulouchos , K. Influence of Diesel Engine Combustion Parameters on Primary Soot Particle Diameter Environmental Science & Technology 39 6 1887 1892 2005
- Desantes , J.M. , Bermúdez , V. , García , J.M. , and Fuentes , E. Effects of Current Engine Strategies on the Exhaust Aerosol Particle Size Distribution from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Journal of Aerosol Science 36 10 1251 1276 2005
- Young , L.H. , Liou , Y.J. , Cheng , M.T. , Lu , J.H. et al. Effects of Biodiesel, Engine Load and Diesel Particulate Filter on Nonvolatile Particle Number Size Distributions in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Exhaust Journal of Hazardous Materials 199 282 289 2012
- Szybist , J.P. , Youngquist , A.D. , Barone , T.L. , Storey , J.M. et al. Ethanol Blends and Engine Operating Strategy Effects on Light-Duty Spark-Ignition Engine Particle Emissions Energy & Fuels 25 11 4977 4985 2011
- Maricq , M.M. , Chase , R.E. , Xu , N. , and Laing , P.M. The Effects of the Catalytic Converter and Fuel Sulfur Level on Motor Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions: Light Duty Diesel Vehicles Environmental Science & Technology 36 2 283 289 2002
- RÖnkkÖ , T. , Virtanen , A. , Kannosto , J. , Keskinen , J. et al. Nucleation Mode Particles with a Nonvolatile Core in the Exhaust of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle Environmental Science & Technology 41 18 6384 6389 2007
- Hori , S. , and Narusawa , K. The Influence of Fuel Components on PM and PAH Exhaust Emissions from a DI Diesel Engine-Effects of Pyrene and Sulfur Contents SAE Transactions 2386 2392 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3693
- Alföldy , B. , Giechaskiel , B. , Hofmann , W. , and Drossinos , Y. Size-Distribution Dependent Lung Deposition of Diesel Exhaust Particles Journal of Aerosol Science 40 8 652 663 2009
- Mende , T. , Ando , R. , Nagata , M. , Kato , H. , and Kusaka , J. Detailed Analysis of Particulate Matter Emitted from Biofueled Diesel Combustion with High EGR SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0483 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-0483
- Mirowsky , J. , Hickey , C. , Horton , L. , Blaustein , M. et al. The Effect of Particle Size, Location and Season on the Toxicity of Urban and Rural Particulate Matter Inhalation Toxicology 25 13 747 757 2013
- de Fatima Andrade , M. , de Miranda , R.M. , Fornaro , A. , Kerr , A. , Oyama , B. , de Andre , P.A. , and Saldiva , P. Vehicle Emissions and PM 2.5 Mass Concentrations in Six Brazilian Cities Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 5 1 2012 79 88
- Mogi , H. , Tajima , K. , Hosoya , M. , and Shimoda , M. The Reduction of Diesel Engine Emissions by Using the Oxidation Catalysts of Japan Diesel 13 Mode Cycle SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0471 1999
- Neumann , K.H. , Schürmann , D. , Kohoutek , P. , Beyersdorf , J. , Hartung , A. , Nagel , C. , and Schuize , J. Unregulated Exhaust Gas Components of Modern Diesel Passenger Cars SAE Transactions 999 303 315
- Gambino , M. , Iannaccone , S. , Prati , M.V. , and Unich , A. Regulated and Unregulated Emissions Reduction with Retrofit Catalytic After-Treatment on Small Two Stroke SI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1846 2000
- Ahlvik , P.J. , and Brandberg , Å.R. Relative Impact on Environment and Health from the Introduction of Low Emission City Buses in Sweden SAE Transactions 1317 1333 2000
- Raihan , K.A. , Takimoto , F. , Ogawa , H. , and Miyamoto , N. Time-Resolved Behavior of Unburned Hydrocarbon Components in Diesel Exhaust Under Transient Operations SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1259 2001
- Fanick , E.R. , Schubert , P.F. , Russell , B.J. , and Freerks , R.L. Comparison of Emission Characteristics of Conventional, Hydrotreated, and Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuels in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Transactions 1686 1700 2001
- Schubert , P.F. , Russell , B.J. , Freerks , R.L. , DeVore , J. , and Fanick , E.R. Impact of Ultra-Clean Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Fuel on Emissions in a Light Duty Passenger Car Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2725 2002
- Lanni , T. , Frank , B.P. , Tang , S. , Rosenblatt , D. , and Lowell , D. Performance and Emissions Evaluation of Compressed Natural Gas and Clean Diesel Buses at New York City’s Metropolitan Transit Authority SAE SP 13 26 2003
- Karjalainen , P. , Ronkko , T. , Lahde , T. , Rostedt , A. et al. Reduction of Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust Particle Number and Mass at Low Exhaust Temperature Driving by the DOC and the SCR SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 5 3 1114 1122 2012
- Wang , X. , Zhan , Z. , Hu , T. , and Huang , Z. Influence of Biodiesel/Diesel Blends on Particulate Emissions in a Turbocharged Common Rail Diesel Engine SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 7 3 643 652 2014
- Feng , Q. , Lou , D. , Tan , P. , and Hu , Z. Effect of Ageing Catalyzed Continuously Regenerating Trap on Particulate Emissions from Urban Diesel Bus Based on On-Road Test SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2802 2014
- Saxena , M.R. , and Maurya , R.K. Effect of Butanol Addition on Performance, Combustion Stability and Nano-Particle Emissions of a Conventional Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1795 2018
- Sreenivas , R. , Senthilkumar , S. , and Jerome , M.S. Investigation of a Naturally Aspirated Diesel Engine Fueled with Blends of Thevetia Peruviana Seed Oil under 8-Mode Testing Cycle SAE Technical Paper 2018-28-0006 2018
- Kim , H.J. , Lee , J.T. , Lim , Y. , Keel , J. et al. A Comparison on Emission Characteristics between Passenger Car Using Gasoline (Including HEV) and Diesel Fuel according to the Various Test Mode SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-1408 2019
- Maurya , R.K. , and Agarwal , A.K. Experimental Study of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Ethanol Fuelled Port Injected Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Combustion Engine Applied Energy 88 4 1169 1180 2011
- Maurya , R.K. , Srivastava , D.K. , and Agarwal , A.K. Experimental Investigations of Particulate Emitted by an Alcohol-Fuelled HCCI/CAI Combustion Engine International Energy Journal 12 1 2012
- Maurya , R.K. , and Agarwal , A.K. Effect of Start of Injection on the Particulate Emission from Methanol Fuelled HCCI Engine SAE International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 4 2 204 222 2011
- Merritt , P. , Huang , Y. , Khair , M. , and Pan , J. Unregulated Exhaust Emissions from Alternate Diesel Combustion Modes SAE Transactions 836 853 2006
- Petersen , B.R. , Ekoto , I.W. , and Miles , P.C. An Investigation into the Effects of Fuel Properties and Engine Load on UHC and CO Emissions from a Light-Duty Optical Diesel Engine Operating in a Partially Premixed Combustion Regime SAE International Journal of Engines 3 2 38 55 2010
- Payri , F. , Benajes , J. , Novella , R. , and Kolodziej , C. Effect of Intake Oxygen Concentration on Particle Size Distribution Measurements from Diesel Low Temperature Combustion SAE International Journal of Engines 4 1 1888 1902 2011
- Zhang , F. , Xu , H. , Rezaei , S.Z. , Kalghatgi , G. , and Shuai , S.J. Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a PPCI Engine Fuelled with Dieseline SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1138 2012
- Cheng , X. , Shuai , L.I. , Yang , J. , Dong , S. , and Bao , Z. Effect of N-butanol-diesel Blends on Partially Premixed Combustion and Emission Characteristics in a Light-duty Engine SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2675 2014
- Lucachick , G. , Avenido , A. , Kittelson , D. , and Northrop , W. Exploration of Semi-volatile Particulate Matter Emissions From Low Temperature Combustion in a Light-duty Diesel Engine SAE International Journal of Engines 7 2 852 859 2014
- Krishnasamy , A. A Comparison of Different Low Temperature Combustion Strategies in a Small Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Under Low Load Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2363 2017
- Saxena , M.R. , and Maurya , R.K. Effect of Fuel Injection Strategy on Nano-particle Emissions from RCCI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1709 2018
- Saxena , M.R. , and Maurya , R.K. Experimental Investigation of Combustion Stability and Particle Emission from CNG/Diesel RCCI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0810 2020
- Jain , A. , Singh , A.P. , and Agarwal , A.K. Effect of Split Fuel Injection and EGR on NOx and PM Emission Reduction in a Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) Mode Diesel Engine Energy 122 249 264 2017
- Jain , A. , Singh , A.P. , and Agarwal , A.K. Effect of Fuel Injection Parameters on Combustion Stability and Emissions of a Mineral Diesel Fueled Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) Engine Applied Energy 190 658 669 2017