This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effect of Injection Strategy and EGR on Particle Emissions from a CI Engine Fueled with an Oxygenated Fuel Blend and HVO
Technical Paper
2021-01-0560
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Event:
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Language:
English
Abstract
Alcohol-based fuels are a viable alternative to fossil fuels for powering
vehicles. As a drop-in fuel, an oxygenated fuel blend containing the
C8 alcohol 2-ethylhexanol (isomer of octanol), hydrotreated
vegetable oil (HVO) and rapeseed methyl ester (RME) can reduce soot and NOx
emissions whilst maintaining engine performance. However, fuel injection
strategy significantly affects combustion and hence has been investigated with a
view to reducing emissions whilst maintaining engine efficiency. In a single
cylinder light-duty compression ignition research engine, the effect of
different injection strategies (main, main/post, double pre/main, double
pre/main/post injection) and EGR levels (0%, 19%) on specifically NOx, soot
emissions and particle size distribution was investigated for three different
fuels: fossil diesel fuel, HVO and the oxygenated blend. The blend was designed
to have diesel-like combustion properties (cetane number of 52) and had an
oxygen content of 5.4% by mass. The crank angle used when measuring MFB50, fuel
consumption and IMEP was kept constant.
The engine efficiencies were similar for all tested fuels and injection
strategies. Heat release analysis revealed a strong influence of the cetane
number on main and main/post injection strategy. However, when using double
pre-injection, the start of combustion was similar for all fuels. Combustion
characteristics, particle mass and number were more affected when using double
pre-injection rather than post-injection. With 19% EGR and double pre-injection,
soot mass increased as agglomerated particle mode increased in the PSD. Further,
the in-cylinder temperature and pressure were lower compared to combustion
without EGR, leading to a reduction of NOx emissions by a factor of 2.5 while
soot emissions increased by a factor of 10. There were just minor differences in
NOx emissions with variations in injection strategy. The PSD moved towards
smaller particle diameters without EGR. In conclusion, the soot reduction
potential of all fuels tested was coupled to the use of double pre-injection and
EGR rather than post-injection.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Preuss, J., Munch, K., and Denbratt, I., "Effect of Injection Strategy and EGR on Particle Emissions from a CI Engine Fueled with an Oxygenated Fuel Blend and HVO," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0560, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0560.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 4 |
Also In
References
- Mueller , C. , Pitz , W. , Pickett , L. , Martin , G. et al. Effects of Oxygenates on Soot Processes in DI Diesel Engines: Experiments and Numerical Simulations SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1791 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1791
- Janssen , A. , Muether , M. , Pischinger , S. , Kolbeck , A. et al. Tailor-Made Fuels: The Potential of Oxygen Content in Fuels for Advanced Diesel Combustion Systems SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2765 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2765
- Pepiot-Desjardins , P. , Pitsch , H. , Malhotra , R. et al. Structural Group Analysis for Soot Reduction Tendency of Oxygenated Fuels Combust. Flame 154 1-2 191 205 2008 doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.03.017
- Zhang , T. , Jacobson , L. , Björkholtz , C. et al. Effect of Using Butanol and Octanol Isomers on Engine Performance of Steady State and Cold Start Ability in Different Types of Diesel Engines Fuel 184 708 717 2016 doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.046
- Li , X. , Xu , Z. , Guan , C. , and Huang , Z. Effect of Injection Timing on Particle Size Distribution from a Diesel Engine Fuel 134 189 195 2014 doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.05.073
- Desantes , J.M. , Bermúdez , V. , García , A. , Linares , W.G. A Comprehensive Study of Particle Size Distributions with the Use of Postinjection Strategies in DI Diesel Engines Aerosol Sci. Technol. 45 10 1161 1175 2011 doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2011.582898
- Armas , O. , Yehliu , K. , and Boehman , A.L. Effect of Alternative Fuels on Exhaust Emissions during Diesel Engine Operation with Matched Combustion Phasing Fuel 89 438 456 2010 doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.09.022
- Yehliu , Y. , Boehman , A.L. , and Armas , O. Emissions from Different Alternative Diesel Fuels Operating with Single and Split Fuel Injection Fuel 89 2 423 437 2010 doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.08.025
- Novakovic , M. , Shamun , S. , Malmborg , V. , Kling , K. et al. Regulated Emissions and Detailed Particle Characterisation for Diesel and RME Biodiesel Fuel Combustion with Varying EGR in a Heavy-Duty Engine SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-2291 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2291
- Shamun , S. , Novakovic , M. , et al. Detailed Characterization of Particulate Matter in Alcohol Exhaust Emissions COMODIA 2017 - 9th International Conference on Modeling and Diagnostics for Advanced Engine Systems Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers 2017
- Giechaskiel , B. , Vanhanen , J. , Väkevä , M. , and Martini , G. Investigation of Vehicle Exhaust Sub-23 nm Particle Emissions Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2017 doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1286291
- Kittelson , D.B. Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review J. Aerosol Sci. 29 5-6 575 588 1998 doi.org/10.1016/S0021-8502
- Kittelson , D.B. , and Kraft , M. Particle Formation and Models in Internal Combustion Engines Encyclopedia of Automotive Engineering 2014 10.1002/9781118354179.auto161
- Dec , J. A Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging SAE Technical Paper 970873 1997 https://doi.org/10.4271/970873
- Mathis , U. , Mohr , M. , and Kaegl , R. Influence of Diesel Engine Combustion Parameters on Primary Soot Particle Diameter Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 6 1887 1892 2005 doi.org/10.1021/es049578p
- Malmborg , V.B. , Eriksson , A.C. , Shen , M. et al. Evolution of In-Cylinder Diesel Engine Soot and Emission Characteristics Investigated with Online Aerosol Mass Spectrometry Environ. Sci. Technol. 51 3 1876 1885 2017 10.1021/acs.est.6b03391
- Gallo , Y. , Malmborg , V.B. , Simonsson , J. et al. Investigation of Late-cycle Soot Oxidation Using Laser Extinction and In-cylinder Gas Sampling at Varying Inlet Oxygen Concentrations in Diesel Engines Fuel 193 308 314 2017 doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.12.013
- Denny , M. , Matamis , A. , Wang , Z. , Persson , H. et al. Optical Investigation on the Combustion Process Differences between Double-Pilot and Closely-Coupled Triple-Pilot Injection Strategies in a LD Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0022 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0022
- O’Connor , J. , and Musculus , M. Post Injections for Soot Reduction in Diesel Engines: A Review of Current Understanding SAE Int. J. Engines 6 1 400 421 2013 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0917
- Li , X. , Guan , C. , Luo , Y. , and Huang , Z. Effect of Multiple-injection Strategies on Diesel Engine Exhaust Particle Size and Nanostructure J. Aerosol Sci. 89 69 76 2015 doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2015.07.008
- Desantes , J.M. , Payri , R. , García , A. , and Manin , J. Experimental Study of Biodiesel Blends’ Effects on Diesel Injection Processes Energy & Fuels 23 6 3227 3235 2009 doi.org/10.1021/ef801102w
- Preuß , J. , Munch , K. , and Denbratt , I. Performance and Emissions of Long-chain Alcohols as Drop-In Fuels for Heavy Duty Compression Ignition Engines Fuel 216 890 897 2018 doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.11.122
- Munch , K. , and Zhang , T. A Comparison of Drop-In Diesel Fuel Blends Containing Heavy Alcohols Considering Both Engine Properties and Global Warming Potentials SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2254 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-2254
- Neste Oil Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO)-Premium Renewable Biofuel for Diesel Engines 2014
- Hartikka , T. , Kuronen , M. , and Kiiski , U. Technical Performance of HVO (Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) in Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1585 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1585
- Pastor , J.V. , García-Oliver , J.M. , Nerva , J.G. , and Giménez , B. Fuel Effect on the Liquid-Phase Penetration of an Evaporating Spray Under Transient Diesel-Like Conditions Fuel 90 11 3369 3381 2011 doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.006
- Yamaguchi , A. , Koopmans , L. , Helmantel , A. et al. Spray Characterization of Gasoline Direct Injection Sprays under Fuel Injection Pressures up to 150 MPa with Different Nozzle Geometries SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0063 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0063
- Rönkkö , T. , Virtanen , A. , Vaaraslahti , K. et al. Effect of Dilution Conditions and Driving Parameters on Nucleation Mode Particles in Diesel Exhaust: Laboratory and On-Road study Atmos. Environ. 40 16 2893 2901 2006 doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.002
- Bresenham , D. , Reisel , J. , and Neusen , K. Spindt Air-Fuel Ratio Method Generalization for Oxygenated Fuels SAE Technical Paper 982054 2154 2171 1998 https://doi.org/10.4271/982054
- Heywood , J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals Second McGraw-Hill Education 2018
- Carlucci , P. , Ficarella , A. , and Laforgia , D. Effects of Pilot Injection Parameters on Combustion for Common Rail Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0700 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0700
- Zhang , T. , Munch , K. , and Denbratt , I. An Experimental Study on the Use of Butanol or Octanol Blends in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 8 3 610 621 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2491
- Desantes , J.M. , Bermúdez , V. , García , J.M. , and Fuentes , E. Effects of Current Engine Strategies on the Exhaust Aerosol Particle Size Distribution from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine J. Aerosol Sci. 36 10 1251 1276 2005 doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2005.01.002
- Gren , L. , Malmborg , V.B. , Jacobsen , N.R. et al. Effect of Renewable Fuels and Intake O2 Concentration on Diesel Engine Emission Characteristics and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation Atmosphere 11 641 2020 doi.org/10.3390/atmos11060641
- Shukla , P. , Shamun , S. , Gren , L. , Malmborg , V. et al. Investigation of Particle Number Emission Characteristics in a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 11 4 495 505 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0909
- Giechaskiel , B. , Chirico , R. , DeCarlo , P.F. Evaluation of the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Protocol to Remove the Vehicles’ Exhaust Aerosol Volatile Phase Sci. Total Environ. 408 21 5106 5116 2010 doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.010
- Wang , S. , Zhu , X. , Somers , L.M.T. , and deGoey , L.P.H. Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation at Various Loads on Diesel Engine Performance and Exhaust Particle Size Distribution Using Four Blends with a Research Octane Number of 70 and Diesel Energy Conversion Management 149 918 927 2017 doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.087