This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Residual Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Hexanol as Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Fuel in Low-Temperature Combustion: Parametric Study
Technical Paper
2021-01-0520
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Event:
SAE WCX Digital Summit
Language:
English
Abstract
Environmental pollution as a result of improper disposal of agricultural and food industry waste has been a concern lately. In the present study, an attempt has been made to produce energy from these wastes. Biodiesel produced from residual cooking oil (RCOB) and hexanol produced from agricultural waste have been investigated as alternatives to petroleum-based fossil fuels in a dual-fuel low-temperature combustion engine. Hexanol was injected in the inlet port at 3 bar injection pressure whereas RCOB was injected directly inside the combustion chamber using a common rail direct injection system. The proportion of Hexanol to RCOB was varied from 40% to 60% at rated load. The operating parameters such as intake air temperature, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) quantity along with multiple injection timing, duration, quantity, and pressure were optimized for lower oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions. Intake air temperature of 40 °C, EGR rate of 30 %, and direct injection timings at 47 °bTDC and 7 °bTDC exhibited the lowest nitric oxide (NO) and smoke emissions. Similarly, the injection quantity share of 50:50 for the two direct injections at an injection pressure of 400 bar was observed to be optimum for the lowest NO and smoke emissions. Accordingly, the test engine was operated at optimized conditions, and the combustion, performance, and emission data were collected and compared with that of Diesel operation. A reduction in NO emission by 97%, smoke emission by 70%, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 19% were observed. A marginal increase in the thermal efficiency of about 2% was also observed with 40% hexanol replacement. From the investigation, it is inferred that with proper optimization, renewable fuels such as RCOB and hexanol can give a diesel-like performance with reduced emissions by low-temperature combustion.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Thomas, J., Nagarajan, G., VR, S., and Sharma, V., "Residual Cooking Oil Biodiesel and Hexanol as Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Fuel in Low-Temperature Combustion: Parametric Study," SAE Technical Paper 2021-01-0520, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0520.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 5 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 6 |
Also In
References
- Dec , J.E. Advanced Compression-Ignition Engines Understanding the In-Cylinder Processes Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 2727 2742 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.08.008
- International Energy Agency 2019 https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-co2-status-report-2019
- Zeyringer , M. , Price , J. , Fais , B. , Li , P.-H. , and Sharp , E. Designing Low-Carbon Power Systems for Great Britain in 2050 that are Robust to the Spatiotemporal and Inter-Annual Variability of Weather Nature Energy 3 5 395 403 2018 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0128-x
- Central Electricity Authority 2019 https://cea.nic.in/reports/annual/annualreports/annual_report-2019.pdfdec
- Fadhil , A.B. , Sedeeq , S.H. , and Al-Layla , N.M.T. Transesterification of Non-Edible Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production: Characterization and Analysis of Biodiesel Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environ Effects 41 892 901 2019 https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1520367
- Demirbas , A. Tomorrow’s Biofuels: Goals and Hopes Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environ Effects 39 673 679 2017 https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2016.1252815
- Thomas , T.D. and Amanda , D.S. Evaluation of Renewable Energy Technologies and their Potential for Technical Integration and Cost-Effective Use within the U.S. Energy Sector Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 80 1372 1388 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.228
- Nagy , K. and Kormendi , K. Use of Renewable Energy Sources In Light of the New Energy Strategy for Europe 2011-2020 Applied Energy 96 393 399 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.02.066
- Pinto , V.S. Use of 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Chemometrics to Detect the Percentage of Ethanol Anhydrous in Brazilian Type C Premium Gasoline Fuel 276 118015 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118015
- Olah , G.A. , Goeppert , A. , and Prakash , G.K.S. Beyond Oil and Gas: The Methanol Economy Wiley-VCH 2006 https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527627806
- Koivisto , E. , Ladommatos , N. , and Gold , M. Systematic Study of the Effect of the Hydroxyl Functional Group in Alcohol Molecules on Compression Ignition and Exhaust Gas Emissions Fuel Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 153 650 663 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.042
- Dogan , O. The Influence of n-Butanol/Diesel Fuel Blends Utilization on a Small Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions Fuel 90 2467 2472 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.02.033
- Rakopoulos , C.D. , Kakaras , E.C. , and Giakoumis , E. Effect of Ethanol-Diesel Fuel Blends on the Engine Performance and Emissions of Heavy Duty DI Diesel Engine Energy Conversion and Management 49 11 3155 3162 2008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.05.023
- Melvin , V. , Sathiyagnanam , A.P. , Rana , D. , Kumar , B.R. , and Saravanan , S. 1-Hexanol as a Sustainable Biofuel in DI Diesel Engines and its Effect on Combustion and Emissions under the Influence of Injection Timing and Exhaust Gas Recirculation Applied Thermal Engineering 113 1505 1513 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.164
- Hoekman , S.K. , Broch , A. , Robbins , C. , Ceniceros , E. , and Natrajan , M. Review of Biodiesel Composition, Properties and Specification Renewable Sustainable Energy 16 1 143 169 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.143
- Chun , G. , Cheung , C.S. , Ning , Z. , Wong , P.K. , and Zhen , H. Comparison on the Effect of using Diesel Fuel and Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel as Pilot Fuels on the Combustion, Performance and Emissions of a LPG-Fumigated Compression-Ignition Engine Applied Thermal Engineering 125 1260 1271 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.117
- Makareviciene , V. and Janulis , P. Environmental Effect of Rapeseed Oil Ethyl Ester Renewable Energy 28 15 2395 2403 2003 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00142-3
- Rounce , P. , Tsolakis , A. , Rodríguez-Fernández , J. , York , A.P.E. et al. Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions when First Generation Meets Next Generation Biodiesel SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1935 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1935
- Mueller , C.J. , Pitz , W.J. , Pickett , L.M. , Martin , G.C. et al. Effects of Oxygenates on Soot Processes in DI Diesel Engines: Experiments and Numerical Simulations SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1791 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-1791
- Abed , K.A. , El Morsi , A.K. , Sayed , M.M. , El Shaib , A.A. , and Gad , M.S. Effect of Waste Cooking-Oil Biodiesel on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Diesel Engine Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 27 985 989 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.02.008
- Thomas , J.J. , Sabu , V.R. , Nagarajan , G. , Kumar , S. , and Basrin , G. Influence of Waste Vegetable Oil Biodiesel and Hexanol on a Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Combustion and Emissions Energy 206 1181 1199 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118199
- Belgiorno , G. , Boscolo , A. , Dileo , G. , Numidi , F. et al. Experimental Study of Additive-Manufacturing-Enabled Innovative Diesel Combustion Bowl Features for Achieving Ultra-Low Emissions and High Efficiency SAE Technical Paper 2020-37-0003 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-37-0003
- Di Blasio , G. , Beatrice , C. , Ianniello , R. , Pesce , F. et al. Balancing Hydraulic Flow and Fuel Injection Parameters for Low-Emission and High-Efficiency Automotive Diesel Engines SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 2 2 638 652 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0111
- Vassallo , A. , Beatrice , C. , Di Blasio , G. , Belgiorno , G. et al. The Key Role of Advanced, Flexible Fuel Injection Systems to Match the Future CO2 Targets in an Ultra-Light Mid-Size Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2018-37-0005 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-37-0005
- Monsalve-Serrano , J. , Belgiorno , G. , Di Blasio , G. , and Guzman-Mendoza , M. 1D Simulation and Experimental Analysis on the Effects of the Injection Parameters in Methane-Diesel Dual-Fuel Combustion Energies 13 14 1 13 2020 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143734
- Belgiorno , G. , Dimitrakopoulos , N. , Di Blasio , G. , Beatrice , C. et al. Parametric Analysis of the Effect of Pilot Quantity, Combustion Phasing and EGR on Efficiencies of a Gasoline PPC Light-Duty Engine SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0084 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-24-0084
- Belgiorno , G. , Dimitrakopoulos , N. , Di Blasio , G. , Beatrice , C. et al. Effect of the Engine Calibration Parameters on Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion Performance and Emissions Compared to Conventional Diesel Combustion in a Light-Duty Euro 6 Engine Applied Energy 228 2221 2234 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.07.098
- Beatrice , C. , Di Blasio , G. , and Belgiorno , G. Experimental Analysis of Functional Requirements to Exceed the 100 kW/l in High-Speed Light-Duty Diesel Engines Fuel 207 591 601 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.06.112
- Kousheshi , N. , Yari , M. , Paykani , A. , Mehr , A.S. et al. Effect of Syngas Composition on the Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Syngas/Diesel RCCI Engine Energies 13 1 212 2020 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010212
- Mohammadian , A. , Chehrmonavari , H. , Kakaee , A. , and Paykani , A. Effect of Injection Strategies on a Single-Fuel RCCI Combustion Fueled with Isobutanol/Isobutanol + DTBP Blends Fuel 278 118219 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118219
- Hasegawa , R. and Yanagihara , H. HCCI Combustion in DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0745 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0745
- Kokjohn , S. , Hanson , R. , Splitter , D. , and Reitz , R. Experiments and Modeling of Dual-Fuel HCCI and PCCI Combustion Using In-Cylinder Fuel Blending SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2 24 39 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2647
- Hardy , W. and Reitz , R. A Study of the Effects of High EGR, High Equivalence Ratio, and Mixing Time on Emissions Levels in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine for PCCI Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0026 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0026
- Kokjohn , S.L. , Hanson , R.M. , Splitter , D.A. , and Rietz , R.D. Fuel Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RRCI): A Pathway to Controlled High Efficiency Clean Combustion International Journal of Engine Research 12 3 209 226 2011 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087411401548
- Paykani , A. , Garcia , A. , Shahbakhti , M. , Rahnama , P. , and Reitz , R.D. Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine: Pathways towards Commercial Viability Applied Energy 282 PA 116174 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116174
- Turns , S.R. An Introduction to Combustion: Concepts and Applications, Second Edition Boston, MA WCB/ McGraw-Hill 1999 978-0073380193
- Kalghatgi , G. , Risberg , P. , and Ångström , H. Partially Pre-Mixed Auto-Ignition of Gasoline to Attain Low Smoke and Low NOx at High Load in a Compression Ignition Engine and Comparison with a Diesel Fuel SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0006 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0006
- Hanson , R. and Rolf , R.D. Experimental Investigation of Engine Speed Transient Operation in a Light Duty RCCI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1323 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1323
- Rolf , R.D. and Ganesh , D. Review of High Efficiency and Clean Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 46 12 71 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.05.003
- Kokjohn , S.L. , Musculus , M.P.B. , and Reitz , R.D. Evaluating Temperature and Fuel Stratification for Heat-Release Rate Control in a Reactivity-Controlled Compression-Ignition Engine Using Optical Diagnostics and Chemical Kinetics Modeling Combustion and Flame 162 2729 2742 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.04.009
- Benajes , J. , Garcia , A. , Monsalve-Serrano , J. , and Martinez-Boggio , S. Emissions Reduction from Passenger Cars with RCCI Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology Applied Thermal Engineering 164 114430 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114430
- Zheng , M. , Mulenga , M.C. , Reader , G.T. , Wang , M. , and Ting , D.S.K. Influence of Biodiesel Fuel on Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions in Low Temperature Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3281 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3281
- Agrawal , A.K. , Singh , S.K. , Sinha , S. , and Shukla , M.K. Effect of EGR on the Exhaust Gas Temperature and Exhaust Opacity in Compression Ignition Engines Sadhana 29 3 275 284 2004 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02703777
- Gautam , E. , Murthy , Y. , Satyanarayana , V.V. , Jayashri , N. , Merigala , R. and Paleti , S. Engineering Science and Technology 22 966 978 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2019.01.013
- Singh Kalsi , S. and Subramanian , K.A. Experimental Investigations of Effects of EGR on Performance and Emissions Characteristics of CNG Fueled Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Engine Energy Conversion and Management 130 91 105 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.10.044
- Yasin , M.H.M. , Rizalman , M. , Ahmad , Y. , Perowansa , P. et al. Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on a Diesel Engine fuelled with Palm-Biodiesel Energy Procedia 75 30 36 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.131
- Herfatmanesh , M.R. , Pin , L. , Attar , M.A. and Hua , Z. Fuel 109 137 147 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.013
- Luo , X. , Wang , S. , de Jager , B. and Willems , F. Cylinder Pressure-Based Combustion Control with Multi-Pulse Fuel Injection IFAC-Papers 48 15 181 186 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2015.10.026
- Sellnau , M.C. , Sinnamon , J. , Hoyer , K. , and Husted , H. Full-Time Gasoline Direct-Injection Compression Ignition (GDCI) for High Efficiency and Low NOx and PM SAE International Journal of Engines 5 2 300 331 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1386
- Soheil , Z.R. , Yasser , A.Q. , Herreros , M. and Hongming , X. Investigation of the Effects of Split-Injection on Particle Emissions from a Dieseline CI Engine Applied Energy 262 1144 1170 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114470
- Inagaki , K. , Fuyuto , T. , Nishikawa , K. , Nakakita , K. , and Sakata , I. Dual-Fuel PCI Combustion Controlled by In-Cylinder Stratification of Ignitability SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0028 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0028
- Poorghasemi , K. , Rahim , K.S. , Ansari , E. , Behrouz , K.I. et al. Effect of Diesel Injection Strategies on Natural Gas/Diesel RCCI Combustion Characteristics in a Light Duty Diesel Engine Applied Energy 199 430 446 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.011
- Splitter , D. , Hanson , R. , Kokjohn , S. , Wissink , M. , and Reitz , R. Injection Effects in Low Load RCCI Dual-Fuel Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0047 2011 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-24-0047
- Thomas , J.J. , Sabu , V.R. , Basrin , G. , and Nagarajan , G. Hexanol: A Renewable Low Reactivity Fuel for RCCI Combustion Fuel 286 119294 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119294
- Pundir , B.P. I C Engines: Combustion and Emissions Narosa Publishing House 2010 978-81-8487-087-9
- Rajesh , B. and Saravanan , S. Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on Performance and Emissions of a Constant Speed DI Diesel Engine Fueled with Pentanol / Diesel Blends Fuel 160 217 226 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.07.089
- Kokjohn , S.L. , Hanson , R.M. , Splitter , D.A. , and Reitz , R.D. Fuel Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI): A Pathway to Controlled High-Efficiency Clean Combustion International Journal of Engine Research 12 3 209 226 2011 https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468087411401548
- Qian , Y. , Wang , X. , Zhu , L. and Lu , X. 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.05.083
- Indian Emission Regulation, ARAI Nov. 1, 2018 https://www.araiindia.com/pdf/Indian_Emission_Regulation_Booklet.pdf
- Hanson , R. , Curran , S. , Wagner , R. , Kokjohn , S. et al. Piston Bowl Optimization for RCCI Combustion in a Light-Duty Multi-Cylinder Engine SAE International Journal of Engines 5 2 286 299 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0380
- Benajes , J. , Garcia , A. , Monsalve-Serrano , J. , and Sari , R.L. Experimental Investigation on the Efficiency of a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst in a Medium-Duty Multi-Cylinder RCCI Engine Energy Conversion and Management 176 1 10 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.09.016
- Benajes , J. , Garcia , A. , Monsalve-Serrano , J. , Balloul , I. et al. An Assessment of the Dual-Mode Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition/Conventional Diesel Combustion Capabilities in a EURO VI Medium-Duty Diesel Engine Fueled with an Intermediate Ethanol-Gasoline Blend and Biodiesel Energy Conversion and Management 123 381 391 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.06.059