This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Impact on the demand for elements used in battery manufacturing associated with increased fleet of electric and hybrid vehicles
Technical Paper
2020-36-0102
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
After a few decades forgotten, electric cars are returning to international prominence and becoming a supposed symbol of sustainability. Some countries have announced plans to ban vehicles that use an internal combustion engine and are now promoting incentives for the consumption of hybrids and electric ones. Although the media advertises these models as “zero-emission” or "green" vehicles as a reference for solving environmental problems, some important issues go unnoticed. Thus, this work aims to make an assessment on the feasibility of massive fleet electrification and address the future demands of metals used in batteries, as well as their environmental impacts. For this purpose, battery technologies with applications in the electric car market were identified and the total volume of most critical metals for a lithium-ion battery production chain was estimated. It is expected that approximately 90% of batteries in 2030 will be NMC (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) type, with a tendency to lower cobalt levels due to ethical and commercial issues for their production. Electric cars are not yet sustainable, so before the mass adoption, there is a need to find ways to recycle batteries, and the power grid needs to shift to cleaner sources of power generation.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Medeiros, W., Malaquias, A., and Baêta, J., "Impact on the demand for elements used in battery manufacturing associated with increased fleet of electric and hybrid vehicles," SAE Technical Paper 2020-36-0102, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-36-0102.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Table 1 | ||
| Table 2 |
Also In
References
- Britain to Ban New Diesel and Gas Cars by 2040 The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/26/world/europe/uk-diesel-petrol-emissions.html November 2019
- International Energy Agency World energy balances: An Overview J. Chem. Inf. Model. 53 9 1689 1699 2019 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
- Lave L.B. , Hendrickson C.T. , and McMichael F.C. Environmental implications of electric cars Science (80-. ). 1995 10.1126/science.268.5213.993
- Filho F.A. Rodrigues , Torres L. Morato , Baêta J.G. Coelho , Malaquias A.C. Teixeira , da Costa R.B. Rodrigues , and Araújo Moreira, T.A. , Analysis of the economic, technological and environmental feasibility of hybridization and electrification of the national fleet of light vehicles SAE Technical Paper Series 2020 10.4271/2019-36-0283
- Young K. , Wang C. , Wang L.Y. , and Strunz K. , Electric vehicle battery technologies Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks 2013 10.1007/978-1-4614-0134-6_2
- Cui H. and Xiao G. , Fuel-efficiency technology trend assessment for LDVs in China? Hybrids and electrification 2018
- dos Santos C.A. Lino , Baterias de íons lítio para veículos elétricos Rev. IPT Tecnol. & INOVAÇÃO 2018 10.34033/2526-5830-v2n9-4
- Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019 https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/press-release/ December 2019
- Huang B. , Pan Z. , Su X. , and An L. Recycling of lithium-ion batteries: Recent advances and perspectives J. Power Sources 2018 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.07.116
- Deng D. Li-ion batteries: Basics, progress, and challenges Energy Sci. Eng. 2015
- Campagnol N. , Eddy J. , Hagenbruch T. , Klip D. , Mulligan C. , and Staaij J. van de, Metal mining constraints on the electric mobility horizon McKinsey Energy Insights 1 12
- Only In China BYD Launches 9 New Models In 1 Day https://insideevs.com/news/343664/only-in-china-byd-launches-9-new-models-in-1-day/ November 2019
- Masiero G. , Ogasavara M.H. , Jussani A.C. , and Risso M.L. , Electric vehicles in China: BYD strategies and government subsidies RAI Rev. Adm. & Inovação 2016 10.1016/j.rai.2016.01.001
- Zubi G. , Dufo-López R. , Carvalho M. , and Pasaoglu G. The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.002
- Bunsen Till , Cazzola P. , D’Amore L. , Gorner M. , Scheffer S. , Schuitmaker R. , Signollet H. , Tattini J. , and Paoli J.T.L. , Global EV Outlook 2019 to electric mobility OECD Iea.Org 232 2019
- How we get to the next big battery breakthrough — Quartz https://qz.com/1588236/how-we-get-to-the-next-big-battery-breakthrough/?linkId=69597256 October 2019
- Adelhelm P. , Hartmann P. , Bender C.L. , Busche M. , Eufinger C. , and Janek J. , From lithium to sodium: Cell chemistry of room temperature sodium-air and sodium-sulfur batteries Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015 10.3762/bjnano.6.105
- Yang X.G. , and Wang C.Y. , Understanding the trilemma of fast charging, energy density and cycle life of lithium-ion batteries J. Power Sources 2018 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.069
- Roadster | Tesla https://www.tesla.com/roadster May 2020
- Tesla Roadster price and specifications - EV Database https://ev-database.org/car/1167/Tesla-Roadster May 2020
- Shi X. , Pan J. , Wang H. , and Cai H. , Battery electric vehicles: What is the minimum range required? Energy 352 358 2019 10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.056
- Hao H. , Cheng X. , Liu Z. , and Zhao F. , China’s traction battery technology roadmap: Targets, impacts and concerns Energy Policy 2017 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.06.011
- WEISSLER P. and VISNIC B. , For EVs to ‘win’, battery tech must outpace oil-industry advances Automot. Eng. july/augus 34 36 2019
- McKinsey & Company Litio y cobalto McKinsey&Company Met. Min. June 2018
- Church C. and Wuennenberg L. , Sustainability and Second Life: The case for cobalt and lithium recycling March 1 68 2019
- It’s time to get serious about recycling lithium-ion batteries https://cen.acs.org/materials/energy-storage/time-serious-recycling-lithium/97/i28 December 2019
- Electric Vehicles https://horizonteminerals.com/uk/en/electric_vehicles/ January 2020
- European Commission Report on Raw Materials for Battery Applications - COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Comm. Staff Work. Doc. 1 48 2018
- How Cobalt is Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=1421 October 2019
- Panasonic plans to develop cobalt-free car batteries - Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-panasonic-battery/panasonic-plans-to-develop-cobalt-free-car-batteries-idUSKCN1IV14Y December 2019
- Battery builders get the cobalt blues | Business | Chemistry World https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/battery-builders-get-the-cobalt-blues/3008738.article May 2020
- Cobalt | 2010-2020 Data | 2021-2022 Forecast | Price | Quote | Chart | Historical https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/cobalt November 2019
- Níquel http://www.vale.com/brasil/PT/business/mining/nickel/Paginas/default.aspx May 2020
- Lee J. , Kitchaev D.A. , Kwon D. , Lee C. , Papp J.K. , Liu Y. , and Lun Z. , Lithium-Excess Cathode Materials Nature 185 190 2018 10.1038/s41586-018-0015-4
- Aluminium | The Australian Aluminium Council http://aluminium.org.au/aluminium/ May 2020
- U.S. Energy Information Annual Energy Outlook 2015 with projections to 2040 2015 DOE/EIA-0383(2013)
- Greenstone M. , McDowell R. , and Nath I. , Do Renewable Portfolio Standards Deliver? SSRN Electron. J. 2019 10.2139/ssrn.3374942
- Qiao Q. , Zhao F. , Liu Z. , Jiang S. , and Hao H. , Cradle-to-gate greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric and internal combustion engine vehicles in China Appl. Energy 2017 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.041
- Malaquias A.C.T. , Netto N.A.D. , Filho F.A.R. , Costa R.B.R. , da Langeani M. , and Baêta J.G.C. , The misleading total replacement of internal combustion engines by electric motors and a study of the Brazilian ethanol importance for the sustainable future of mobility: a review J. Brazilian Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 41 12 2019 10.1007/s40430-019-2076-1
- Kalghatgi G. Is it really the end of internal combustion engines and petroleum in transport? Appl. Energy 2018 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.05.076
- Serrano J.R. , Novella R. , and Piqueras P. Why the development of internal combustion engines is still necessary to fight against global climate change from the perspective of transportation Appl. Sci. 2019 10.3390/app9214597
- Emisiones de CO2 de los coches: hechos y cifras (infografía) | Noticias | Parlamento Europeo https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/es/headlines/society/2 0190313STO31218/emisiones-de-co2-de-los-coches-hechos-y-cifras-infografia May 2020
- Malaquias A.C. Teixeira , Netto N.A. Diniz , Baêta J.G. Coelho , Teixeira A.F. , and Costa S.A. Passos , Study of the Variable Valve Timing Effects on Combustion Quality and Fuel Consumption of an Internal Combustion Engine SAE Tech. Pap. 2020 10.4271/2019-36-0117
- Silva T.R. , V., Baeta J.G.C. , Neto N.A.D. , Malaquias A.C.T. , Carvalho M.G.F. , and Filho F.R. , Effects of Internal EGR on the downsized Ethanol SIDI Engine Performance and Emission SAE Technical Paper Series 2018 10.4271/2017-36-0264
- Salvi B.L. , Subramanian K.A. , and Panwar N.L. Alternative fuels for transportation vehicles: A technical review Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013 10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.017
- Senecal P.K. , and Leach F. , Diversity in transportation: Why a mix of propulsion technologies is the way forward for the future fleet Results Eng. 2019 10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100060
- Reitz R.D. , Ogawa H. , Payri R. , Fansler T. , Kokjohn S. , Moriyoshi Y. , Agarwal A.K. , Arcoumanis D. , Assanis D. , Bae C. , Boulouchos K. , Canakci M. , Curran S. , Denbratt I. , Gavaises M. , Guenthner M. , Hasse C. , Huang Z. , Ishiyama T. , Johansson B. , Johnson T.V. , Kalghatgi G. , Koike M. , Kong S.C. , Leipertz A. , Miles P. , Novella R. , Onorati A. , Richter M. , IJER editorial: The future of the internal combustion engine Int. J. Engine Res. 2020 10.1177/1468087419877990
- Baêta J.G.C. , Silva T.R.V. , Netto N.A.D. , Malaquias A.C.T. , Filho F.R. , and Pontoppidan M. , Full spark authority in a highly boosted ethanol DISI prototype engine Appl. Therm. Eng. 139 2018 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.04.112
- Silva T.R.V. , Baeta J.G.C. , Neto N.A.D. , Malaquias A.C.T. , Carvalho M.G.F. , and Filho F.R. , Split-Injection in a Downsized Ethanol SIDI Engine Aiming to Mitigate Pre-Ignition SAE Tech. Pap. 2017-Novem November 2017 10.4271/2017-36-0266
- Costa R.B.R. , da Valle R.M. , Hernández J.J. , Malaquias A.C.T. , Coronado C.J.R. , and Pujatti F.J.P. , Experimental investigation on the potential of biogas/ethanol dual-fuel spark-ignition engine for power generation: Combustion, performance and pollutant emission analysis Appl. Energy 261 114 438 2020 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114438
- Silva T.R.V. , Baeta J.G.C. , Neto N.A.D. , Malaquias A.C.T. , Carvalho M.G.F. , and Filho F.R. , The Use of Split-Injection Technique and Ethanol Lean Combustion on a SIDI Engine Operation for Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emissions SAE Technical Paper Series 2018 10.4271/2017-36-0259
- INMETRO Comparação entre modelos participantes Ano 2019. 2018
- Serrano J.R. Imagining the future of the internal combustion engine for ground transport in the current context Appl. Sci. 2017 10.3390/app7101001
- EV-Volumes - The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database http://www.ev-volumes.com/ May 2020
- Tesla’s electric motor shift to spur demand for rare earth neodymium - Reuters https://www.reuters.com/article/us-metals-autos-neodymium-analysis/teslas-electric-motor-shift-to-spur-demand-for-rare-earth-neodymium-idUSKCN1GO28I May 2020
- Audi Pauses Electric-Car Production as Tesla Zooms Ahead - Bloomberg https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-24/audi-pauses-electric-car-production-as-tesla-zooms-ahead May 2020
- Jaguar halting I-Pace production due to battery shortage -Business Insider https://www.businessinsider.com/jaguar-halting-i-pace-production-due-to-battery-shortage-2020-2 May 2020