This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Investigations on NO x and Smoke Emissions Reduction Potential through Water-in-Diesel Emulsion and Water Fumigation in a Small-Bore Diesel Engine
Technical Paper
2020-32-2312
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
In the present work, a relative comparison of addition of water to diesel through emulsion and fumigation methods is explored for reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emissions in a production small bore diesel engine. The ratio of water to diesel was kept the same in both the methods at a lower concentration of 3% by mass to avoid any adverse effects on the engine system components. The experiments were conducted at a rated engine speed of 1500 rpm under varying load conditions. For engine studies using emulsion fuels, kinetically stable water-in-diesel nanoemulsions were prepared with 3% water concentration by mass of the total sample. The emulsion fuels formulated using commercial surfactants were transparent in appearance. The droplet size of the nanoemulsions was characterized using dynamic light scattering technique. The fumigation experiments were carried out by injecting water using a low-pressure solenoid operated port fuel injector (PFI) installed in the intake manifold. The timing and duration of PFI were controlled by a National Instruments driver module. The results obtained show that the engine brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption are improved by nearly 5% with the emulsion compared to baseline diesel. The peak pressures are higher, and the ignition delay is shorter with emulsion compared to fumigation. Both emulsion and fumigation reduce NOx emissions, but the reduction is higher with water injection. However, smoke emissions are significantly higher by almost two-fold with fumigation as compared to those with emulsion. Overall, it is observed that utilizing water emulsion has a potential to simultaneously reduce NOx and smoke emissions along with better engine performance compared to fumigation method.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Gowrishankar, S., J, P., Rastogi, P., and Krishnasamy, A., "Investigations on NOx and Smoke Emissions Reduction Potential through Water-in-Diesel Emulsion and Water Fumigation in a Small-Bore Diesel Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2020-32-2312, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-32-2312.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 |
Also In
References
- Bertola , A. , Li , R. , and Boulouchos , K. Influence of Water-Diesel Fuel Emulsions and EGR on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Heavy Duty DI-Diesel Engines Equipped with Common-Rail Injection System SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3146 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-3146
- Matthews , R. , Hall , M. , Anthony , J. , Baker , R. et al. The Texas Diesel Fuels Project, Part 4: Fuel Consumption, Emissions, and Cost-Effectiveness of an Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel Compared to Conventional Diesel Fuels SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1724 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-1724
- Subramanian , K.A. A Comparison of Water-Diesel Emulsion and Timed Injection of Water into the Intake Manifold of a Diesel Engine for Simultaneous Control of NO and Smoke Emissions Energy Convers. Manag. 52 849 857 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2010.08.010
- Nazha , M.A.A. , Rajakaruna , H. , and Wagstaff , S.A. The Use of Emulsion, Water Induction and EGR for Controlling Diesel Engine Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-19 41 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1941
- Elsanusi , O.A. , Roy , M.M. , and Sidhu , M.S. Experimental Investigation on a Diesel Engine Fueled by Diesel-Biodiesel Blends and their Emulsions at Various Engine Operating Conditions Appl. Energy 203 582 593 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.06.052
- Dhahad , H.A. , Chaichan , M.T. , and Megaritis , T. Performance, Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emission of a Stationary Compression Ignition Engine Fueled by Water-ULSD Emulsion Energy 181 1036 1050 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.200
- Murugesa Pandian , M. , and Anand , K. Comparison of Different Low Temperature Combustion Strategies in a Light Duty Air Cooled Diesel Engine Appl. Therm. Eng. 142 380 390 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.047
- Pandian , M.M. , and Krishnasamy , A. Homogeneous Charge Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Strategy to Reduce Regulated Pollutants from Diesel Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 12 2 3 12 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/03-12-02-0012
- Paykani , A. , Kakaee , A.H. , Rahnama , P. , and Reitz , R.D. Progress and Recent Trends in Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Engines Int. J. Engine Res. 17 481 524 2016 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087415593013
- Debnath , B.K. , Sahoo , N. , and Saha , U.K. Adjusting the Operating Characteristics to Improve the Performance of an Emulsified Palm Oil Methyl Ester Run Diesel Engine Energy Convers. Manag. 69 191 198 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.01.031
- Debnath , B.K. , Saha , U.K. , and Sahoo , N. A Comprehensive Review on the Application of Emulsions as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 42 196 211 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.023
- Maiboom , A. , and Tauzia , X. Nox and PM Emissions Reduction on an Automotive HSDI Diesel Engine with Water-In-Diesel Emulsion and EGR: An Experimental Study Fuel 90 3179 3192 2011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.06.014
- Samec , N. , Kegl , B. , and Dibble , R.W. Numerical and Experimental Study of Water/Oil Emulsified Fuel Combustion in a Diesel Engine Fuel 81 2035 2044 2002 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00135-7
- Barnaud , F. , Schmelzle , P. , and Schulz , P. Aquazole: An Original Emulsified Water-Diesel Fuel for Heavy-Duty Applications SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1861 2008 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1861
- Ithnin , A.M. , Ahmad , M.A. , Bakar , M.A.A. , Rajoo , S. et al. Combustion Performance and Emission Analysis of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Fuel Made from Low-Grade Diesel Fuel Energy Convers. Manag. 90 375 382 2015 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.025
- Musculus , M.P.B. , Dec , J.E. , Tree , D.R. , Daly , D. et al. Effects of Water-Fuel Emulsions on Spray and Combustion Processes in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2892 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2892
- Khalife , E. , Kazerooni , H. , Mirsalim , M. , Roodbar Shojaei , T. et al. Experimental Investigation of Low-Level Water in Waste-Oil Produced Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Blend Energy 121 331 340 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.003
- Raheman , H. , and Kumari , S. Combustion Characteristics and Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Using Emulsified Jatropha Biodiesel Blend Biosyst. Eng 123 29 39 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2014.05.001
- Psaila , A.F. , Grimes , P.M. , and Ellis , R.L. Improving Biodiesel Blended Fuels: Overcoming the NOx Penalty and Enhancing the Engine’s Regulated Emissions Profile SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 1 190 197 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1949
- Subramanian , K.A. , and Ramesh , A. A Study on the Use of Water-Diesel Emulsions in a DI Diesel Engine 31 37 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-28-0005
- Armas , O. , Ballesteros , R. , Martos , F.J. , and Agudelo , J.R. Characterization of Light Duty Diesel Engine Pollutant Emissions Using Water-Emulsified Fuel Fuel 84 1011 1018 2005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.11.015
- Debnath , B.K. , Saha , U.K. , and Sahoo , N. An Experimental Way of Assessing the Application Potential of Emulsified Palm Biodiesel Toward Alternative to Diesel J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 136 021401 2013 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4025479
- Park , J.W. , Huh , K.Y. , Park , K.H. Experimental Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Emulsified Diesel A Rcem, Seoul 2000 FISITA World Automot. Congr 2000 1 6 https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.204-210.1351
- Park , S. , Woo , S. , Kim , H. , and Lee , K. Effect of Diesel-Water Emulsified Fuel on the NOx and PM Emissions of a Diesel Engine Energy and Fuels 30 6070 6079 2016 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00089
- Fahd , M.E.A. , Wenming , Y. , Lee , P.S. , Chou , S.K. et al. Experimental Investigation of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine by Water Emulsion Diesel under Varying Engine Load Condition Appl. Energy 102 1042 1049 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.06.041
- Song , K.H. , Lee , Y.J. , and Litzinger , T.A. Effects of Emulsified Fuels on Soot Evolution in an Optically-Accessible DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2794 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2794
- Baskar , P. , and Senthil Kumar , A. Experimental Investigation on Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Using Diesel-Water Emulsion with Oxygen Enriched Air Alexandria Eng. J 56 137 146 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.014
- Matheaus , A.C. , Ryan , T.W. , Daly , D. , and Langer , D.A. Effects of Puri NOx™ Water-Diesel Fuel Emulsions on Emissions and Fuel Economy in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2891 2002 https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-2891
- Hasannuddin , A.K. , Wira , J.Y. , Sarah , S. , Aqma , W.M.N.W.S. et al. Performance, Emissions and Lubricant Oil Analysis of Diesel Engine Running on Emulsion Fuel Energy Convers. Manag. 117 548 557 2016 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.057
- Alahmer , A. , Yamin , J. , Sakhrieh , A. , and Hamdan , M.A. Engine Performance Using Emulsified Diesel Fuel Energy Convers. Manag. 51 1708 1713 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.11.044
- Nadeem , M. , Rangkuti , C. , Anuar , K. , Haq , M.R.U. et al. Diesel Engine Performance and Emission Evaluation Using Emulsified Fuels Stabilized by Conventional and Gemini Surfactants Fuel 85 2111 2119 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2006.03.013
- Attia , A.M.A. , and Kulchitskiy , A.R. Influence of the Structure of Water-in-Fuel Emulsion on Diesel Engine Performance Fuel 116 703 708 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.057
- Yang , W.M. , An , H. , Chou , S.K. , Chua , K.J. et al. Impact of Emulsion Fuel with Nano-Organic Additives on the Performance of Diesel Engine Appl. Energy 112 1206 1212 2013 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.027
- Brusca , S. , and Lanzafame , R. Evaluation of the Effects of Water Injection in a Single Cylinder CFR Cetane Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2012 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2012
- Udayakumar , R. , Sundaram , S. , and Sriram , R. Reduction of Nox Emissions by Water Injection in to the Inlet Manifold of a DI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0264 2003 https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0264
- Kohketsu , S. , Mori , K. , Sakai , K. , and Nakagawa , H. Reduction of Exhaust Emission with New Water Injection System in a Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 960033 1996 https://doi.org/10.4271/960033
- Shah , S.R. , Maiboom , A. , Tauzia , X. , and Hétet , J.F. Experimental Study of Inlet Manifold Water Injection on a Common Rail HSDI Automobile Diesel Engine, Compared to EGR with Respect to PM and NOx Emissions and Specific Consumption SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1439 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-1439
- Tauzia , X. , Maiboom , A. , and Shah , S.R. Experimental Study of Inlet Manifold Water Injection on Combustion and Emissions of an Automotive Direct Injection Diesel Engine Energy 35 3628 3639 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.05.007
- Sandeep , S. , Kinkhabwala , B. , Sadagopan , K. , Raaj , A. et al. Assessment of Water Injection in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine for NOx Reduction Potential SAE Technical Paper 2019-26-0145 2019 https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-26-0145
- Samec , N. , Dibble , R.W. , Chen , J.Y. , and Pagon , A. Reduction of NOx and Soot Emission by Water Injection during Combustion in a Diesel Engine FISITA World Automot. Congr 2000
- Kegl , B. , and Pehan , S. Reduction of Diesel Engine Emissions by Water Injection SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3259 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3259
- Kettner , M. , Dechent , S. , Hofmann , M. , Huber , E. et al. Investigating the Influence of Water Injection on the Emissions of a Diesel Engine J. Mech. Eng. Sci 10 1863 1881 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.10.1.2016.11.0179
- Sahin , Z. , Tuti , M. , and Durgun , O. Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Water Adding to the Intake Air on the Engine Performance and Exhaust Emissions in a Di Automotive Diesel Engine Fuel 115 884 895 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.080
- Ishida , M. , and Chen , Z.-L. Analysis of Effect of Water on NO Formation in DI Diesel Engines, Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, B Hen/Transactions Japan Soc Mech. Eng. Part B 61 1995
- Hountalas , D.T. , Mavropoulos , G.C. , Zannis , T.C. , and Mamalis , S.D. Use of Water Emulsion and Intake Water Injection as NOx Reduction Techniques for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1414
- Preetika , R. , Mehta , P.S. , Kaisare , N.S. , and Basavaraj , M.G. Kinetic Stability of Surfactant Stabilized Water-in-Diesel Emulsion Fuels Fuel 236 1415 1422 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.074
- Hountalas , D.T. , Mavropoulos , G.C. , and Zannis , T.C. Comparative Evaluation of EGR Intake Water Injection and Fuel/Water Emulsion as NOx Reduction Techniques for Heavy Duty Diesel Engines 2007 776 790 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0120
- Yoshimoto , Y. Performance of DI Diesel Engines Fueled by Water Emulsions with Equal Proportions of Gas Oil-Rapeseed Oil Blends and the Characteristics SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3364 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3364
- Ochoterena , R. , Lif , A. , Nydén , M. , Andersson , S. et al. Optical Studies of Spray Development and Combustion of Water-in-Diesel Emulsion and Microemulsion Fuels Fuel 89 122 132 2010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.06.039