This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions of Euro 5 and Euro 6 Vehicles Using Systems with Evaporation Tube or Catalytic Stripper and 23 nm or 10 nm Counters
Technical Paper
2020-01-2203
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Particle number (PN) emission limits were introduced in the European Union’s regulations for light-duty and heavy duty vehicles in the years 2011-2014. Since then, PN measurements have become a common practice in the automotive sector. Many studies showed that the current methodology, which counts particles >23 nm, misses a large fraction of particles for some engine technologies, such as port fuel injection vehicles or vehicles fueled with compressed natural gas (CNG). However, data for the latest technology vehicles are lacking. For this reason, we measured PN emissions >23 nm and >10 nm of >30 CNG, gasoline and diesel-fueled vehicles. Two systems were measuring in parallel from the full dilution tunnel; one with an evaporation tube and the other with a catalytic stripper. The PN emission levels spanned over three orders of magnitude depending on whether there was a particulate filter installed or not. The differences between the two systems (>23 nm) were on average 6%, indicating that a catalytic stripper could justifiably be permitted in future PN regulations. The ratio of 10-23 nm particles to >23 nm particles ranged from negligible up to many times higher. In many cases, sub-23 nm particles were emitted during cold start. During some high speed events, solid sub-23 nm particles were measured, but they were attributed to release of solid particles from the silicone adaptors. All particulate matter (PM) mass emissions were lower than 4.5 mg/km and <2 mg/km for vehicles equipped with particulate filters. There was no apparent correlation between PM mass and PN >23 nm or >10 nm.
Authors
Citation
Giechaskiel, B., Woodburn, J., Szczotka, A., and Bielaczyc, P., "Particulate Matter (PM) Emissions of Euro 5 and Euro 6 Vehicles Using Systems with Evaporation Tube or Catalytic Stripper and 23 nm or 10 nm Counters," SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-2203, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-2203.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 |
Also In
References
- Giechaskiel , B. et al. Measurement of Automotive Nonvolatile Particle Number Emissions Within the European Legislative Framework: A Review Aerosol Science and Technology 46 7 719 749 2012 10.1080/02786826.2012.661103
- Giechaskiel , B. , Joshi , A. , Ntziachristos , L. , and Dilara , P. European Regulatory Framework and Particulate Matter Emissions of Gasoline Light-Duty Vehicles: A Review Catalysts 9 7 586 2019 10.3390/catal9070586
- Joshi , A. , and Johnson , T. Gasoline Particulate Filters—A Review Emission Control Science and Technology 4 4 219 239 2018 10.1007/s40825-018-0101-y
- Mamakos , A. , Martini , G. , and Manfredi , U. Assessment of the Legislated Particle Number Measurement Procedure for a Euro 5 and a Euro 6 Compliant Diesel Passenger Cars Under Regulated and Unregulated Conditions Journal of Aerosol Science 55 31 47 2013 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.07.012
- Giechaskiel , B. et al. Particle Number Measurements in the European Legislation and Future JRC Activities Combustion Engines 174 3 3 16 2018 10.19206/CE-2018-301
- Giechaskiel , B. Particle Number Emissions of a Diesel Vehicle during and between Regeneration Events Catalysts 10 5 587 2020 10.3390/catal10050587
- Giechaskiel , B. , Manfredi , U. , and Martini , G. Engine Exhaust Solid Sub-23 nm Particles: I. Literature Survey SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 3 950 964 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2834
- Khalek , I.A. , Bougher , T. , and Jetter , J.J. Particle Emissions from a 2009 Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Using Different Commercially Available Fuels SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 2 623 637 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-2117
- Robinson , M.K. , and Holmén , B.A. Onboard, Real-World Second-by-Second Particle Number Emissions from 2010 Hybrid and Comparable Conventional Vehicles Transportation Research Record 2233 1 63 71 2011 10.3141/2233-08
- Mayer , A. , Czerwinski , J. , Kasper , M. , Ulrich , A. et al. Metal Oxide Particle Emissions from Diesel and Petrol Engines SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0841 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0841
- Karjalainen , P. et al. Exhaust Particles of Modern Gasoline Vehicles: A Laboratory and an On-Road Study Atmospheric Environment 97 262 270 2014 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.025
- Mamakos , A. , Schwelberger , M. , Fierz , M. , and Giechaskiel , B. Effect of Selective Catalytic Reduction on Exhaust Nonvolatile Particle Emissions of Euro VI Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Vehicles Aerosol Science and Technology 53 8 898 910 2019 10.1080/02786826.2019.1610153
- Giechaskiel , B. , Melas , A.D. , Lahde , T. , and Martini , G. Nonvolatile Particle Number Emission Measurements with Catalytic Strippers: A Review Vehicles 2 2 342 364 2020 10.3390/vehicles2020019
- Giechaskiel , B. , Vanhanen , J. , Väkevä , M. , and Martini , G. Investigation of Vehicle Exhaust Sub-23 nm Particle Emissions Aerosol Science and Technology 51 5 626 641 2017 10.1080/02786826.2017.1286291
- Giechaskiel , B. Differences between Tailpipe and Dilution Tunnel Sub-23 nm Nonvolatile (Solid) Particle Number Measurements Aerosol Science and Technology 53 9 1012 1022 2019 10.1080/02786826.2019.1623378
- Swanson , J. , and Kittelson , D. Evaluation of Thermal Denuder and Catalytic Stripper Methods for Solid Particle Measurements Journal of Aerosol Science 41 12 1113 1122 2010 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2010.09.003
- Zheng , Z. et al. Investigation of Solid Particle Number Measurement: Existence and Nature of Sub-23nm Particles Under PMP Methodology Journal of Aerosol Science 42 12 883 897 2011 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2011.08.003
- Ntziachristos , L. , Amanatidis , S. , Samaras , Z. , Giechaskiel , B. et al. Use of a Catalytic Stripper as an Alternative to the Original PMP Measurement Protocol SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 2 532 541 2013 10.4271/2013-01-1563
- Bielaczyc , P. , Klimkiewicz , D. , Woodburn , J. , and Szczotka , A. Exhaust Emission Testing Methods - Bosmal’s Legislative and Development Emission Testing Laboratories Combustion Engines 178 3 88 98 2019 10.19206/CE-2019-316
- Giechaskiel , B. , Cresnoverh , M. , Jörgl , H. , and Bergmann , A. Calibration and Accuracy of a Particle Number Measurement System Meas. Sci. Technol. 21 4 045102 Apr. 2010 10.1088/0957-0233/21/4/045102
- Wei , Q. , Oestergaard , K. , Porter , S. , Ichiro , A. et al. ‘Real-Time Measuring System for Engine Exhaust Solid Particle Number Emission - Design and Performance’, SAE 2006-01-0864 2006 10.4271/2006-01-0864
- Giechaskiel , B. et al. Calibration of Condensation Particle Counters for Legislated Vehicle Number Emission Measurements Aerosol Science and Technology 43 12 1164 1173 2009 10.1080/02786820903242029
- Amanatidis , S. , Ntziachristos , L. , Giechaskiel , B. , Katsaounis , D. et al. Evaluation of an Oxidation Catalyst (“Catalytic Stripper”) in Eliminating Volatile Material from Combustion Aerosol Journal of Aerosol Science 57 144 155 2013 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.12.001
- Giechaskiel , B. , Zardini , A. , Lahde , T. , Clairotte , M. et al. Identification and Quantification of Uncertainty Components in Gaseous and Particle Emission Measurements of a Moped Energies 12 22 4343 2019 10.3390/en12224343
- Giechaskiel , B. , and Martini , G. Engine Exhaust Solid Sub-23 nm Particles: II. Feasibility Study for Particle Number Measurement Systems SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 3 935 949 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2832
- Giechaskiel , B. , Lähde , T. , Gandi , S. , Keller , S. et al. Assessment of 10-nm Particle Number (PN) Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) for Future Regulations IJERPH 17 11 3878 2020 10.3390/ijerph17113878
- Giechaskiel , B. , Lähde , T. , and Drossinos , Y. Regulating Particle Number Measurements from the Tailpipe of Light-Duty Vehicles: The Next Step? Environmental Research 172 1 9 2019 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.006
- Braisher , M. , Stone , R. , and Price , P. ‘Particle Number Emissions from a Range of European Vehicles’, SAE 2010-01-0786 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0786
- Zhang , S. , and McMahon , W. Particulate Emissions for LEV II Light-Duty Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5 2 637 646 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0442
- Bielaczyc , P. , Woodburn , J. , and Szczotka , A. Particulate Emissions from European Vehicles Featuring Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines Tested Under Laboratory Conditions SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 7 2 580 590 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1608
- Bielaczyc , P. , Szczotka , A. , and Woodburn , J. Investigations into Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Multiple Vehicle Types Running on Two Chassis Dynamometer Driving Cycles SAE. 2017-01-1007 2017 10.4271/2017-01-1007
- Costagliola , M.A. , Prati , M.V. , Mariani , A. , Unich , A. et al. Gaseous and Particulate Exhaust Emissions of Hybrid and Conventional Cars Over Legislative and Real Driving Cycles Energy and Power Engineering 07 05 181 192 2015 10.4236/epe.2015.75018
- Kontses , A. , Triantafyllopoulos , G. , Ntziachristos , L. , and Samaras , Z. Particle Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline, Diesel, LPG, CNG and Hybrid-Electric Light-Duty Vehicles under Real-World Driving Conditions Atmospheric Environment 222 117126 2020 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117126
- Yang , Z. et al. Real Driving Particle Number (PN) Emissions from China-6 Compliant PFI and GDI Hybrid Electrical Vehicles Atmospheric Environment 199 70 79 2019 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.037
- Jang , J. , Lee , J. , Choi , Y. , and Park , S. Reduction of Particle Emissions from Gasoline Vehicles with Direct Fuel Injection Systems Using a Gasoline Particulate Filter Science of The Total Environment 644 1418 1428 2018 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.362
- Bielaczyc , P. , Szczotka , A. , and Woodburn , J. Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions from CNG Fueled Vehicles in Light of Euro 6 Regulations and the New WLTP/GTR 15 Test Procedure SAE Int. J. Engines 8 3 1300 1312 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1061
- Giechaskiel , B. , Mamakos , A. , Woodburn , J. , Szczotka , A. et al. Evaluation of a 10 nm Particle Number Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) Sensors 19 24 5531 2019 10.3390/s19245531
- Mamakos , A. , Martini , G. , Marotta , A. , and Manfredi , U. Assessment of Different Technical Options in Reducing Particle Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles Journal of Aerosol Science 63 115 125 2013 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.05.004
- Yamada , H. , Inomata , S. , and Tanimoto , H. Particle and VOC Emissions from Stoichiometric Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles and Correlation between Particle Number and Mass Emissions Emission Control Science and Technology 3 2 135 141 2017 10.1007/s40825-016-0060-0
- Filippo , A.D. , and Maricq , M.M. Diesel Nucleation Mode Particles: Semivolatile or Solid? Environ. Sci. Technol. 42 21 7957 7962 2008 10.1021/es8010332
- Leach , F. , Lewis , A. , Akehurst , S. , Turner , J. et al. Sub-23 nm Particulate Emissions from a Highly Boosted GDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0153 2019 10.4271/2019-24-0153
- Seong , H. , Choi , S. , and Lee , K. Examination of Nanoparticles from Gasoline Direct-Injection (GDI) Engines Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) International Journal of Automotive Technology 15 2 175 181 2014 10.1007/s12239-014-0019-5
- Barone , T.L. , Storey , J.M.E. , Youngquist , A.D. , and Szybist , J.P. An Analysis of Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) Soot Morphology Atmospheric Environment 49 268 274 2012 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.047
- Andersson , J. , Giechaskiel , B. , Munoz-Bueno , R. , Sandbach , E. et al. 2007
- Valverde , V. , and Giechaskiel , B. Assessment of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions of a Euro 6d-Temp Diesel Vehicle Driven >1300 km Including Six Diesel Particulate Filter Regenerations Atmosphere 11 6 645 2020 10.3390/atmos11060645
- Maricq , M.M. , Szente , J. , Loos , M. , and Vogt , R. Motor Vehicle PM Emissions Measurement at LEV III Levels SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 597 609 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0623
- Giechaskiel , B. , Zardini , A. , and Martini , G. Particle Emission Measurements from L-Category Vehicles SAE Int. J. Engines 8 5 2322 2337 2015 10.4271/2015-24-2512
- Zheng , Z. et al. Comparison of Particle Mass and Solid Particle Number (SPN) Emissions from a Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle under On-Road Driving Conditions and a Standard Testing Cycle Environ. Sci. Technol. 48 3 1779 1786 2014 10.1021/es403578b
- Giechaskiel , B. et al. Particle Number Measurements Directly from the Tailpipe for Type Approval of Heavy-Duty Engines Applied Sciences 9 20 4418 2019 10.3390/app9204418
- Giechaskiel , B. Effect of Sampling Conditions on the Sub-23 nm Nonvolatile Particle Emissions Measurements of a Moped Applied Sciences 9 15 3112 2019 10.3390/app9153112