The Particle Number Counter as a “Black Box” - A Novel Approach to a Universal Particle Number Calibration Standard for Automotive Exhaust
Technical Paper
2020-01-2195
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The reduction of vehicle exhaust particle emissions is a success story of European legislation. Various particle number (PN) counters and calibration procedures serve as tools to enforce PN emission limits during vehicle type approval (VTA) or periodical technical inspection (PTI) of in-use vehicles. Although all devices and procedures apply to the same PN-metric, they were developed for different purposes, by different stakeholder groups and for different target costs and technical scopes. Furthermore, their calibration procedures were independently defined by different stakeholder communities. This frequently leads to comparability and interpretation issues.
Systematic differences of stationary and mobile PN counters (PN-PEMS) are well-documented. New, low-cost PTI PN counters will aggravate this problem. Today, tools to directly compare different instruments are scarce. This is complicated by a dominance of proprietary, undisclosed or only partially disclosed manufacturer calibration procedures, often with unclear traceability.
This paper proposes a novel, unified calibration approach, which regards the PN counting system as a “black box” to quantify its performance as an “absolute” PN value and provides its measurement uncertainty independently of its design and the underlying legislation. This greatly simplifies accreditation, metrological traceability and improves the direct correlation of different PN measurements, bringing the quality of PN-measurements one step closer to that of gaseous pollutants. This paper proposes a novel standardized setup and optimized operating points for counting efficiency calibration. Emphasis is put on the selection of a universal aerosol and a fitting reference counter. A detailed three-step validation process demonstrates the aerosol’s suitability for all test-application. The foreseen unified procedure is used for a direct performance comparison of a commercial PMP-system and PN-PEMS, including an outlook for PN-PTI.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Terres, A., Bacher, H., and Ebert, V., "The Particle Number Counter as a “Black Box” - A Novel Approach to a Universal Particle Number Calibration Standard for Automotive Exhaust," SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-2195, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-2195.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 |
Also In
References
- Oberdörster , G. Pulmonary Effects of Inhaled Ultrafine Particles International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 74 1 1 8 2001 10.1007/s004200000185
- Rückerl , R. , Schneider , A. , Breitner , S. , Cyrys , J. et al. Health Effects of Particulate Air Pollution: A Review of Epidemiological Evidence Inhalation Toxicology 23 10 555 592 2011 10.3109/08958378.2011.593587
- Sydbom , A. , Blomberg , A. , Parnia , S. , Stenfors , N. et al. Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust Emissions The European Respiratory Journal 17 4 733 746 2001 10.1183/09031936.01.17407330
- Ibald-Mulli , A. , Wichmann , H.-E. , Kreyling , W. , and Peters , A. Epidemiological Evidence on Health Effects of Ultrafine Particles Journal of Aerosol Medicine : The Official Journal of the International Society for Aerosols in Medicine 15 2 189 201 2002 10.1089/089426802320282310
- CARB https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/about/history January 2, 2020
- EWG 1988
- EU 2012
- EU 2011
- UNECE 2015
- BMVI 2016
- Giechaskiel , B. , Riccobono , F. , and Bonnel , P. 2016 10.2790/74218
- EU 2017
- Mayer , A. , Burtscher , H. , Lutz , T. , and Hensel , V. 2019 10.5445/IR/1000096846
- Eidgenössisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartement 2018
- Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur 2018
- Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat 2019 https://dieselnet.com/misc/NL-2019-202498.pdf
- OIML https://www.oiml.org/projectedit_view?idtc=35&idsc=35&sclabel=Air%20pollution&tcnum=16&tclabel=Instruments%20for%20measuring%20pollutants&scnum=1&idproject=450&projectlabel=New%20Recommendation:%20Instruments%20for%20measuring%20the%20vehicle%20exhaust%20soot%20particle%20number%20
- Karjalainen , P. , Pirjola , L. , Heikkilä , J. , Lähde , T. et al. Exhaust Particles of Modern Gasoline Vehicles: A Laboratory and An On-Road Study Atmospheric Environment 97 262 270 2014 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.08.025
- Maricq , M.M. , Podsiadlik , D.H. , and Chase , R.E. Gasoline Vehicle Particle Size Distributions: Comparison of Steady State, FTP, and US06 Measurements Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 12 2007 2015 1999 10.1021/es981005n
- Quincey , P. , Sarantaridis , D. , Tuch , T. , Yli-Ojanperä , J. , et al. 2014
- Quincey , P. , Sarantaridis , D. , Yli-Ojanperä , J. , Keskinen , J. , et al. 2014
- EURAMET https://www.euramet.org/technical-committees/tc-projects/details/project/comparison-for-particle-number-concentration-up-to-500000-cm-3/
- Jing , L. Standard Combustion Aerosol Generator (SCAG) for Calibration Purposes 3rd ETH Conference on Combustion Generated Nanoparticles, 9.-10.08.1999 Zurich 1999
- Mamakos , A. , Khalek , I. , Giannelli , R. , and Spears , M. Characterization of Combustion Aerosol Produced by a Mini-CAST and Treated in a Catalytic Stripper Aerosol Science and Technology 47 8 927 936 2013 10.1080/02786826.2013.802762
- Moore , R.H. , Ziemba , L.D. , Dutcher , D. , Beyersdorf , A.J. et al. Mapping the Operation of the Miniature Combustion Aerosol Standard (Mini-CAST) Soot Generator Aerosol Science and Technology 48 5 467 479 2014 10.1080/02786826.2014.890694
- Schwyn , S. , Garwin , E. , and Schmidt-Ott , A. Aerosol Generation by Spark Discharge Journal of Aerosol Science 19 5 639 642 1988 10.1016/0021-8502(88)90215-7
- Meuller , B.O. , Messing , M.E. , Engberg , D.L.J. , Jansson , A.M. et al. Review of Spark Discharge Generators for Production of Nanoparticle Aerosols Aerosol Science and Technology 46 11 1256 1270 2012 10.1080/02786826.2012.705448
- Terres , A. , Ebert , V. , Nowak , A. , Rosahl , J. , et al. 10.2760/859241
- Amanatidis , S. , Ntziachristos , L. , Giechaskiel , B. , Katsaounis , D. et al. Evaluation of an Oxidation Catalyst (Catalytic Stripper) in Eliminating Volatile Material from Combustion Aerosol Journal of Aerosol Science 57 144 155 2013 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2012.12.001
- Wiedensohler , A. , Wiesner , A. , Weinhold , K. , Birmili , W. et al. Mobility Particle Size Spectrometers: Calibration Procedures and Measurement Uncertainties Aerosol Science and Technology 52 2 146 164 2018 10.1080/02786826.2017.1387229
- Aeromet http://www.aerometproject.com/ 2020
- Mamakos , A. Methodology to Quantify the Ratio of Multiple-to Single-Charged Fractions Acquired in Aerosol Neutralizers Aerosol Science and Technology 50 4 363 372 2016 10.1080/02786826.2016.1153034
- Wiedensohler , A. An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Size Range Journal of Aerosol Science 19 3 387 389 1988 10.1016/0021-8502(88)90278-9
- Giechaskiel , B. , Lähde , T. , Suarez-Bertoa , R. , Clairotte , M. et al. Particle Number Measurements in the European Legislation and Future JRC Activities Combustion Engines 2018 10.19206/CE-2018-301
- downtoten http://www.downtoten.com 2019
- PEMs4Nano http://pems4nano.eu 2019
- sureal-23 http://sureal-23.cperi.certh.gr/ 2019
- Ess , M.N. , and Vasilatou , K. Characterization of a New MiniCAST with Diffusion Flame and Premixed Flame Options: Generation of Particles with high EC Content in the Size Range 30 nm to 200 nm Aerosol Science and Technology 53 1 29 44 2019 10.1080/02786826.2018.1536818