This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Evaluation of Laminated Side Window Glazing Coding and Rollover Ejection Mitigation Performance Using NASS-CDS
Technical Paper
2020-01-1216
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Occupant ejection has been identified as a safety problem for decades, particularly in rollover crashes. While field accident studies have repeatedly demonstrated the effectiveness of seat belts in mitigating rollover ejection and injuries, the use of laminated glass in side window positions has been suggested as a means to mitigate occupant ejection. Limited data is available on the field performance of laminated glass in preventing ejection. This study utilized 1997-2015 NASS-CDS data to investigate the reliability of the glazing coding variables in the database and determine if any conclusions can be drawn regarding the effect of different side window glazing types on occupant ejection.
An initial query was run for 1997-2016 model year vehicles involved in side impacts to evaluate glazing coding within NASS-CDS. Sixteen individual cases were identified where the first-row side window glass was coded as both laminated and as in-place and holed, out-of-place and not holed, out-of-place and holed, or disintegrated from impact. NASS-CDS case summaries and photographs were reviewed and compared against original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications for the involved vehicles. The results demonstrated that the presence of laminated side window glass was incorrectly coded in 11 out of the 16 cases.
The coding definitions were revised to query NASS-CDS for vehicles known to be equipped with standard or optional laminated glass in the first-row side windows based upon sources including the National Auto Glass Specifications (NAGS) database and vehicle manufacturer information (e.g., sales brochures, press releases, and other specifications). The new definitions were used in conjunction with the 16 previously identified side impact cases and found to correctly differentiate between the cases with and without laminated first-row side window glazing.
Based upon this revised coding strategy, another NASS-CDS query was run to evaluate glazing type as it relates to rollover crashes involving 1997-2016 model year vehicles to determine the rate and frequency of front seat occupant ejection by glass type. This query resulted in a weighted 2,785,988 front seat occupants involved in a rollover, of which only 0.5% (13,640) occupants were in vehicles equipped with standard laminated front door window glass. Using the weighted occupants counts, there were 193 completely ejected and 277 partially ejected front seat occupants in vehicles equipped with standard laminated front door window glass; these numbers were based on unweighted samples of 10 or fewer. The sample sizes were too small to draw any statistically significant conclusions regarding ejection rates in rollover as a function of glazing type.
The results of this study indicate that NASS-CDS glazing coding alone is not appropriate to identify the presence of laminated glass in specific vehicle window portals. This study also demonstrates that the resulting sample of field accidents is too small to assess the effectiveness of laminated glass in reducing the incidence of occupant ejection. The revised coding strategy may, however, be expanded with newer data and may be used in other databases such as Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). It should be noted that, given the increased implementation of side curtain airbags in the vehicle fleet, it may become increasingly difficult to assess any individual contribution of laminated glass to occupant containment versus ejection.
Recommended Content
Ground Vehicle Standard | Event Data Recorder - Compliance Assessment |
Technical Paper | NHTSA's Frontal Offset Research Program |
Technical Paper | The Rationale and Development of the Offset Deformable Frontal Impact Test Procedure |
Authors
Topic
Citation
Parenteau, C., Smedley, J., Campbell, I., and Carhart, M., "Evaluation of Laminated Side Window Glazing Coding and Rollover Ejection Mitigation Performance Using NASS-CDS," SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-1216, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-1216.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 4 |
Also In
References
- Partyka , S.C. 1988
- Kahane , C.J. December 2000
- Viano , D.C. and Parenteau , C.S. Ejection and Severe Injury Risks by Crash Type and Belt Use with Focus on Rear Impacts Traffic Injury Prevention 11 1 79 86 2010
- NHTSA January 2011
- Evans , L. Traffic Safety and the Driver Van Nostrand Reinhold 1991 0-442-00163-0
- Willke , D. , Summers , S. , Wang , J. , Lee , J. et al. Ejection Mitigation Using Advanced Glazing: Status Report II National Highway Traffic Safety Administration/ Transportation Research Center August 1999
- Malliaris , A.C. , DeBlois , J.H. , and Digges , K.H. Light Vehicle Occupant Ejections - A Comprehensive Investigation Accid Anal Prev 28 1 1 14 January 1996 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(95)00023-2
- James , M. , Allsop , D. , Nordhagen , R. , and Decker , R. Injury Mechanisms and Field Accident Data Analysis in Rollover Accidents SAE Technical Paper 970396 1997 https://doi.org/10.4271/970396
- Malliaris , C. and Digges , K.H. Crash Exposure and Crashworthiness of Sport Utility Vehicles SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0063 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0063
- NHTSA February 1, 1996
- Eigen , A.M. December 2003
- Digges , K. , Eigen , A.M. , and Dahdah , S. Injury Patterns in Rollovers by Crash Severity Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles 2005
- Gloeckner , D.C. , Moore , T.L. , Steffey , D. , Le-Resnick , H. et al. Implications of Vehicle Roll Direction on Occupant Ejection and Injury Risk Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 50 155 170 2006
- Strashny , A. March 2007
- Funk , J.R. , Cormier , J.M. , Bain , C.E. , Wirth , J.L. et al. Factors Affecting Ejection Risk in Rollover Crashes Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine October 14-17, 2012
- NHTSA August 19, 1988
- NHTSA December 18, 1991
- Atelsek , P. , Duffy , S. , Gill , M. , Harper , C. , Jones , L. , Lee , J. , McCray , L. , Sharma , D. , Sherrer , R. , Summers , S. , and Willke , D. November 1995
- Willke , D. , Summers , S. , Wang , J. , Lee , J. , Harper , C. , Partyka , S. , and Duffy , S. August 2001
- Nightingale , R.W. , Richardson , W.J. , and Myers , B.S. The Effects of Padded Surfaces on the Risk for Cervical Spine Injury Spine 22 20 2380 2387 1997 10.1097/00007632-199710150-00012
- Myers , B.S. and Nightingale , R.W. The Dynamics of Head and Neck Impact and its Role in Injury Prevention and the Complex Clinical Presentation of Cervical Spine Injury Proceedings of the IRCOBI Conference Hannover September 1997
- Myers , B.S. and Nightingale , R.W. Review: The Dynamics of near Vertex Head Impact and its Role in Injury Prevention and the Complex Clinical Presentation of Basicranial and Cervical Spine Injury J Crash Prevention and Injury Control 1 1 67 82 1999 https://doi.org/10.1080/10286589908915743
- NHTSA June 18, 2002
- NHTSA December 2, 2009
- NHTSA January 19, 2011
- NHTSA January 1988
- Kramer , R. , Loibl , J. , Morrison , R. , Saunby , C. et al. A Comparative Study of Automotive Side Window Occupant Containment Characteristics for Tempered and Laminated Glass SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1492 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-1492
- Pierce , J. , Carhart , M. , Bare , C. , Blakeslee , A. et al. Retention Characteristics of Production Laminated Side Windows SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0376 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0376
- Piziali , R. , Fox , J. , Girvan , D. , Raphael , E. et al. A Review and Analysis of the Performance of Laminated Side Glazing in Rollover Accidents SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1166 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-1166
- Luepke , P. , Carhart , M. , Croteau , J. , Morrison , R. et al. An Evaluation of Laminated Side Window Glass Performance during Rollover SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0367 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0367
- Batzer , S. , Herndon , G. , Thorbole , C. , Chamberlain , H. et al. Automotive Side Glazing for Primary and Secondary Occupant Retention SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1546 2007 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-1546
- NHTSA October 2015
- Clark , C. and Sursi , P. Rollover Crash and Laboratory Tests of Ejection Reduction by Glass-Plastic Side Windows and Windshields SAE Technical Paper 890218 1989 https://doi.org/10.4271/890218
- Kahane , C.J. October 2004
- Moore , T.L. , Vijayakumar , V. , Steffey , D.L. , Ramachandran , K. , and Corrigan , C.F. Biomechanical Factors and Injury Risk in High-Severity Rollovers Annual Proceedings of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 49 133 150 2005
- Shilliday , D. and Mowry , G. Required Airbag Characteristics for Occupant Retention in Rollover Crashes Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Washington DC 2005
- Heller , M. , Sharpe , S. , Newberry , W. , Dibb , A. et al. Occupant Kinematics and Injury Response in Steer Maneuver-Induced Furrow Tripped Rollover Testing SAE Int. J. Trans. Safety 3 2 164 215 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1478
- Orlowski , K. , Bundorf , R. , and Moffatt , E. Rollover Crash Tests-the Influence of Roof Strength on Injury Mechanics SAE Technical Paper 851734 1985 https://doi.org/10.4271/851734
- Carter , J. , Luepke , P. , Henry , K. , Germane , G. et al. Rollover Dynamics: An Exploration of the Fundamentals SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 1 1 80 104 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0172
- Croteau , J. , Zolock , J. , Larson , R. , Bare , C. et al. Dynamic Response of Vehicle Roof Structure and ATD Neck Loading during Dolly Rollover Tests SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. 3 1 407 449 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0515
- Campbell , B.J. and Hopens , T. 1964