This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
A Computational Study on the Effect of Injector Location on the Performance of a Small Spark-Ignition Engine Modified to Operate under the Direct-Injection Mode
Technical Paper
2020-01-0286
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
In a direct-injection (DI) engine, charge motion and mixture preparation are among the most important factors deciding the performance and emissions. This work was focused on studying the effect of injector positioning on fuel-air mixture preparation and fuel impingement on in-cylinder surfaces during the homogeneous mode of operation in a naturally aspirated, small bore, 0.2 l, light-duty, air-cooled, four-stroke, spark-ignition engine modified to operate under the DI mode. A commercially available, six-hole, solenoid-operated injector was used. Two injector locations were identified based on the availability of the space on the cylinder head. One location yielded the spray-guided (SG) configuration, with one of the spray plumes targeted towards the spark plug. In the second location, the spray plumes were targeted towards the piston top in a wall-guided (WG) configuration so as to minimize the impingement of fuel on the liner. A CFD model was developed and validated using experimental data obtained on the same engine with the SG configuration. Computational results showed that both SG and WG configurations yielded similar levels of IMEP, however, in-cylinder turbulence was relatively enhanced for SG configuration compared to WG configuration. Further, it was noted that for early injection timings, the backflow of air in the intake manifold led to the fuel also being drawn along with it. Early injection timings until the middle of intake, i.e. SOI 330 CAD bTDC to SOI 270 CAD bTDC, led to better charge homogeneity, higher heat release and low HC emission. Thereafter combustion was slow and incomplete due to the formation of large lean and rich pockets. In both the configurations fuel impingement on the walls was found to be significant due to the small bore of the engine. For the SG configuration, the impingement on the liner was significant, whereas the WG configuration led to dominant piston impingement. Results also showed that the CO emission was higher for the SG configuration for all the timings studied due to the formation of rich pockets. However, the specific emission of NO was higher for the WG configuration due to the formation of slightly lean products of charge.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Jose, J., Thakur, H., Mittal, M., and Ramesh, A., "A Computational Study on the Effect of Injector Location on the Performance of a Small Spark-Ignition Engine Modified to Operate under the Direct-Injection Mode," SAE Technical Paper 2020-01-0286, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0286.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
[Unnamed Dataset 1] | ||
[Unnamed Dataset 2] | ||
[Unnamed Dataset 3] | ||
[Unnamed Dataset 4] | ||
[Unnamed Dataset 5] | ||
[Unnamed Dataset 6] |
Also In
References
- Zhao, H. , Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development First Edition (Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010), doi:10.1533/9781845697327.
- Yu, C.H., Park, K.W., Han, S.K., and Kim, W.T. , “Development of Theta II 2.4L GDI Engine for High Power & Low Emission,” 2016.
- Liu, Y., Pei, Y., Peng, Z., Qin, J. et al. , “Spray Development and Droplet Characteristics of High-Temperature Single-Hole Gasoline Spray,” Fuel 191:97-105, 2017, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.068.
- Eichhorn, A., Lejsek, D., Hettinger, A., and Kufferath, A. , “Challenge Determining a Combustion System Concept for Downsized SI-engines - Comparison and Evaluation of Several Options for a Boosted 2-cylinder SI-engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1730, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1730.
- Bogarra, M., Herreros, J.M., Hergueta, C., Tsolakis, A. et al. , “Influence of Three-Way Catalyst on Gaseous and Particulate Matter Emissions During Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold-Start,” Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev. 61(4):329-341, 2017, doi:10.1595/205651317X696315.
- Jose, J., Parsi, A., Shridhara, S., Mittal, M. et al. , “Effect of Fuel Injection Timing on the Mixture Preparation in a Small Gasoline Direct-Injection Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2018-32-0014, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-32-0014.
- Jose, J.V., Mittal, M., and Ramesh, A. , “A Computational Study of In-Cylinder Flow, and the Influence of Injection Timing on Mixture Preparation in a Small-Bore GDI Engine,” in NCICEC Conf. Proceedings, 2017.
- Rounce, P., Brogan, M., and Eastwood, P. , “Gasoline Direct Injected Particulate Emissions Control at Stage 6,” . In: Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, Fuel Economy and Emissions, (Elsevier, 2013), 231-250, doi:10.1533/9781782421849.6.231.
- Stan, C., Stanciu, A., and Guenther, S. , “Direct Injection Application on a Four-Stroke Motorcycle Engine,” 724, 2013.
- Mittal, M., Hung, D.L.S., Zhu, G., and Schock, H.J. , “Fuel Spray Visualization and its Impingement Analysis on in-Cylinder Surfaces in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine,” J. Vis. 14(2):149-160, 2011, doi:10.1007/s12650-011-0083-0.
- Reddy, A.A. and Mallikarjuna, J.M. , “Parametric Study on a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine - A CFD Analysis,” 2017, https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-26-0039.
- Henriot, S., Chaouche, A., Chevé, E., Duclos, J.M., Leduc, P., Ménégazzi, P., Monnier, G., and Ranini, A. , “NSDI-3: A Small Bore GDI Engine,” 1999, https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0172.
- Fiengo, G., di Gaeta, A., Palladino, A., and Giglio, V. , “Common Rail System for GDI Engines,” Springer London, London, 2013, doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4468-7.
- Achleitner, E., Bäcker, H., and Funaioli, A. , “Direct Injection Systems for Otto Engines Reprinted From Diesel Injection SI Engine Technology,” 724:776-790, 2007.
- Baranescu, G. , “Some Characteristics of Spark Assisted Direct Injection Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 830589, 1983, https://doi.org/10.4271/830589.
- Anderson, W., Yang, J., Brehob, D.D., Vallance, J.K., and Whiteaker, R.M. , “Understanding the Thermodynamics of Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) Combustion Systems: An Analytical and Experimental Investigation,” 412, 2016.
- Park, C., Kim, S., Kim, H., and Moriyoshi, Y. , “Stratified Lean Combustion Characteristics of a Spray-Guided Combustion System in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine,” Energy 41(1):401407, 2012, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.060.
- Drake, M.C., Fansler, T.D., Solomon, A.S., and Szekely, G.A. , “Piston Fuel Films as a Source of Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Wall-Controlled Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Engine,” 724, 2003, https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0547.
- Stevens, E. and Steeper, R. , “Piston Wetting in an Optical DISI Engine: Fuel Films, Pool Fires, and Soot Generation,” 2001, 724, 2001, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-1203.
- Johansson, A. and Dahlander, P. , “Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Boost on Combustion and Particulate Emissions in Optical and Metal SGDI-Engines Operated in Stratified Mode,” SAE International Journal of Engines 9(2):807-818, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0714.
- Karlsson, R. and Heywood, J. , “Piston Fuel Film Observations in an Optical Access GDI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2022, 2001, https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2022.
- Liu, Y.D., Jia, M., Xie, M.Z., and Pang, B. , “Enhancement on a Skeletal Kinetic Model for Primary Reference Fuel Oxidation by Using a Semi-Decoupling Methodology,” Energy and Fuels 26(12):70697083, 2012, doi:10.1021/ef301242b.
- Han, Z. and Reitz, R.D. , “Turbulence Modeling of Internal Combustion Engines Using RNG K-ɛ Models,” Combust. Sci.Technol. 106(46):267295, 1995, doi:10.1080/00102209 508907782.
- Reitz, R.D. and Beale, J.C. , “Modeling Spray Atomization with the Kelvin-Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor Hybrid Model,” Atomization Sprays 9(6):623-650, 1999, doi:10.1615/AtomizSpr.v9.i6.40.
- Su, J., Xu, M., Yin, P., Gao, Y. et al. , “Particle Number Emissions Reduction Using Multiple Injection Strategies in a Boosted Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (SIDI) Gasoline Engine,” SAE International Journal of Engines 8(1):20-29, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2845.
- Rourke, P.J.O., Amsden, A.A., and Butler, T.D. , “Improvements of the KIVA-II Computer Program for Numerical Combustion,” . In: Dervieux, A.,Larrouturou, B., editors. Numerical Combustion Lecture Notes Physics 351, (Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, 1989), 3-4, doi:10.1007/3-540-51968-8_79.
- Liu, A.B., Mather, D., and Reitz, R.D. , “Modeling the Effects of Drop Drag and Breakup on Fuel Sprays,” SAE International. Congress Expo. 298(412):1-6, 1993, https://doi.org/10.4271/93007.
- O’Rourke , “Collective Drop Effects on Vaporizing Sprays,” Los Alamos National Lab., NM (USA), 1981.
- O'Rourke, P. and Amsden, A. , “A Spray/Wall Interaction Submodel for the KIVA-3 Wall Film Model,” SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0271, 2000, https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0271.
- Costa, M., Marchitto, L., Merola, S.S., and Sorge, U. , “Study of Mixture Formation and Early Flame development in a Research GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) Engine through Numerical Simulation and V-Digital Imaging,” Energy 77(Supplement C):88-96, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.04.114.
- Heywood, J.B. , Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Series in Mechanical Engineering Jack, 1988, doi:10987654.