This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
CFD Analysis and Knock Prediction into Crevices of Piston to Liner Fireland of an High Performance ICE
Technical Paper
2019-24-0006
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The paper aims at defining a methodology for the prediction and understanding of knock tendency in internal combustion engine piston crevices by means of CFD simulations. The motivation for the analysis comes from a real design requirement which appeared during the development of a new high performance SI unit: it is in fact widely known that, in high performance engines (especially the turbocharged ones), the high values of pressure and temperature inside the combustion chamber during the engine cycle may cause knocking phenomena. “Standard” knock can be easily recognized by direct observation of the in-cylinder measured pressure trace; it is then possible to undertake proper actions and implement design and control improvements to prevent it with relatively standard 3D-CFD analyses. Some unusual types of detonation may occur somewhere else in the combustion chamber: knocking inside piston/liner crevices belongs to the latter category and damages on the piston top land (very similar to pitting) are one of the evidence of knock onset in this region. The very localized regions of damage onset, the cycle to cycle variability and the very short duration of the phenomena do not allow to obtain fully reliable experimental data concerning the investigated problem. A new methodology is therefore implemented in CFD to drive the root causes identification and understanding the impact of crevice design. A preliminary CFD 3D in-cylinder analysis is performed, in order to understand the criticalities in the piston to liner fireland due to local pressure and temperature temporal evolution. Then a “model reduction” is proposed, which is necessary in order to study the problem with reasonable computational costs and times. A 2D simplified model is developed which is able to maintain the possibility to correctly represent the local thermo fluid dynamic effects, especially the auto-ignition conditions. Finally, new geometries are studied in order to prevent local knocking and retard auto-ignition such to improve the KLSA.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Rosetti, A., Iotti, C., Bedogni, A., Cantore, G. et al., "CFD Analysis and Knock Prediction into Crevices of Piston to Liner Fireland of an High Performance ICE," SAE Technical Paper 2019-24-0006, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-24-0006.Also In
References
- Wang, Z., Liu, H., and Reitz, R. D. , “Knocking Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 61:78-112, 2017.
- Zhen, X., Wang, Y., Xu, S., Zhu, Y. et al. , “The Engine Knock Analysis - An Overview,” Applied Energy 92:628-636, 2012.
- Alagumalai, A. , “Internal Combustion Engines: Progress and Prospects,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 38:561-571, 2014.
- Heywood, J. , Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals (New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 1988).
- Wang, Z., Wang, Y., and Reitz, R. D. , “Pressure Oscillation and Chemical Kinetics Coupling during Knock Processes in Gasoline Engine Combustion,” Energy & Fuels 26(12):7107-7119, 2012.
- Kalghatgi, G. , “Developments in Internal Combustion Engines and Implication for Combustion Science and Future Transport Fuel,” Proceeding of Combustion Institute 35(1):101-115, 2015.
- Kalghatgi, G. and Bradley, D. , “Pre-Ignition and ‘Super Knock’ in Turbo-Charged Spark Ignition Engines,” International Journal of Engine Research 13:399-414, 2012.
- Kalghatgi, G. , “Fuel Anti-Knock Quality -Part 2. Vehicle Studies - How Relevant Is Motor Octane Number MON in Current Engines?” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3585, 2001, doi:10.4271/2001-01-3585.
- Mingzhang P., Haiqiao W., Dengquan F., Jiaying P., Rong H., Jinyang L. , “Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics and Emission Performance of 2-Phenylethanol Addition in a Downsized Gasoline Engine”, Energy 163:894-904, 2018, ISSN 0360-5442.
- Berni, F., Breda, S., d’Adamo, A., and Fontanesi, S. , “Numerical Investigation on the Effects of Water/Methanol Injection as Knock Suppressor to Increase the Fuel Efficiency of a Highly Downsized GDI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2499, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-24-2499.
- Peters, N., Kerschgens, B., and Paczko, G. , “Super-Knock Prediction Using a Refined Theory of Turbulence,” SAE International Journal of Engines 6:953-996, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-1109.
- Luisi, S., Doria, V., Stroppiana, A., Millo, F., and Mirzaeian, M. , “Experimental Investigation on Early and Late Intake Valve Closures for Knock Mitigation through Miller Cycle in a Downsized Turbocharged Engine,” SAE Technical Paper, 2015-01-0760, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-0760.
- Teodosio, L., Pirrello, D., Berni, F. et al. , “Impact of Intake Valve Strategies on Fuel Consumption and Knock Tendency of a Spark Ignition Engine,” Applied Energy 216:91-104, 2018.
- Vafamehr, H., Cairns, A., Sampson, O. et al. , “The Competing Chemical and Physical Effects of Transient Fuel Enrichment on Heavy Knock in an Optical Spark Ignition Engine,” Applied Energy 179:687-697, 2016.
- Battistoni, M., Grimaldi, C., Cruccolini, V., Discepoli, G. et al. , “Assessment of Port Water Injection Strategies to Control Knock in a GDI Engine through Multi-Cycle CFD Simulations,” SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0034, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-24-0034.
- Liu, H., Wang, Z., Long, Y., and Wang, J. , “Dual Fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) Combustion Fuelled with Different Alcohols and Gasoline for Fuel Efficiency,” Fuel 157:255-260, 2015.
- Breda, S., D'Adamo, A., Fontanesi, S., D'Orrico, F. et al. , “Numerical Simulation of Gasoline and N-Butanol Combustion in an Optically Accessible Research Engine,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10(1):32-55, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-01-0546.
- Zhu, S., Hu, B., Akehurst, S., Copeland, C., Lewis, A., Yuan, H., Kennedy, I., Bernards, J., Branney, C. , “A Review of Water Injection Applied on the Internal Combustion Engine”, Energy Conversion and Management 184:139-158, 2019, ISSN 0196-8904.
- Alger, T., Mangold, B., Roberts, C., and Gingrich, J. , “The Interaction of Fuel Anti-Knock Index and Cooled EGR on Engine Performance and Efficiency,” SAE International Journal of Engines 5:1229-1241, 2015, doi:10.4271/2012-01-1149.
- Bozza, F. , De Bellis, V., Teodosio, L., Potentials of Cooled EGR and Water Injection for Knock Resistance and Fuel Consumption Improvements of Gasoline Engines, Applied Energy 169:112-125, 2016, ISSN 0306-261.
- Smith, P., Wai Cheng, K., and Heywood, J. , “Crevices Volume Effect on Spark Ignition Engine Efficiency,” SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2602, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-2602.
- Janas, P., Ribeiro, M. D., Kempf, A., Schild, M., and Kaiser, A. S. , “Penetration of the Flame into the Top-Land Crevice - Large Eddy Simulation and Experimental High-Speed Visualization,” SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1907, 2015, doi:10.4271/2015-01-1907.
- Anand, K., Ra, Y., Reitz, R. D., and Bunting, B. , “Surrogate Model Development for Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines,” Energy Fuels 25(4):1474-1484, 2011.
- Mehl, M., Chen, J. Y., Pitz, W. J., Sarathy, S. M., and Westbrook, C. K. , “An Approach for Formulating Surrogates for Gasoline with Application toward a Reduced Surrogate Mechanism for CFD Engine Modeling,” Energy and Fuels 25:5215-5223, 2011.
- Wu, Y., Pal P., Som, S., and Lu, T. , “A Skeletal Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for Gasoline and Gasoline/Ethanol Blend Surrogates for Engine CFD Applications,” in 10th International Conference on Chemical Kinetics, May 2017.
- Niemeyer, K. E. and Sung, C. , “Reduced Chemistry for a Gasoline Surrogate Valid at Engine-Relevant Conditions,” Energy Fuels 29(2):1172-1185, 2015.
- Kalghatgi, G. , “Auto-Ignition Quality of Practical Fuels and Implications for Fuel Requirements of Future SI and HCCI Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0239, 2005, doi:10.4271/2005-01-0239.
- Pera, C. and Knop, V. , “Methodology to Define Gasoline Surrogates Dedicated to Auto-Ignition in Engines,” Fuel 96:59-69, 2012.
- Fontanesi, S., Paltrinieri, S., D'Adamo, A., Cantore, G. et al. , “Knock Tendency Prediction in a High Performance Engine Using LES and Tabulated Chemistry,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6(1):98-118, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-1082.
- Breda, S., D'Adamo, A., Fontanesi, S., Giovannoni, N. et al. , “CFD Analysis of Combustion and Knock in an Optically Accessible GDI Engine,” SAE Int. J. Engines 9(1):641-656, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0601.
- d’Adamo, A., Breda, S., Fontanesi, S., Irimescu, A. et al. , “A RANS Knock Model to Predict the Statistical Occurrence of Engine Knock,” Applied Energy 191(1):251-263, April 2017.
- d'Adamo, A., Breda, S., Fontanesi, S., and Cantore, G. , “A RANS-Based CFD Model to Predict the Statistical Occurrence of Knock in Spark-Ignition Engines,” SAE Int. J. Engines 9(1):618-630, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0581.
- d'Adamo, A., Breda, S., Iaccarino, S., Berni, F. et al. , “Development of a RANS-Based Knock Model to Infer the Knock Probability in a Research Spark-Ignition Engine,” SAE Int. J. Engines 10(3):722-739, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-01-0551.
- Andrae, J. C. G. and Head, R. A. , “HCCI Experiments with Gasoline Surrogate Fuels Modeled by a Semidetailed Chemical Kinetic Model,” Combustion and Flame 156:842-851, 2009.
- Morgan, N., Smallbone, A., Bhave, A., Kraft, M. et al. , “Mapping Surrogate Gasoline Compositions into RON/MON Space,” Combustion and Flame 157(6):1122-1131, June 2010.
- Livengood, J. C. and Wu, P. C. , Proc. Combust. Inst. 5:347-356, 1955.
- Mehl, M., Pitz, W. J., Westbrook, C. K., and Curran, H. J. , “Kinetic Modeling of Gasoline Surrogate Components and Mixtures under Engine Conditions,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33:193-200, 2011.
- Douaud, A. M. and Eyzat, P. , “Four-Octane-Number Method for Predicting the Anti-Knock Behavior of Fuels and Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 780080, 1978, doi:10.4271/780080.
- Spelina, J. M., Peyton Jones, J. C., and Frey, J. , “Characterization of Knock Intensity Distributions: Part 1: Statistical Independence and Scalar Measures,” Proc Inst Mech Engineers, Part D: J Autom Eng 228(2):117-128, 2014.
- Spelina, J. M., Peyton Jones, J. C., and Frey, J. , “Characterization of Knock Intensity Distributions: Part 2: Parametric Models,” Proc Inst Mech Engineers, Part D: J Autom Eng 227(12), 2013.
- Lounici, M. S., Benbellil, M. A., Loubar, K., Niculescu, D. C., and Tazerout, M. , “Knock Characterization and Development of a New Knock Indicator for Dual-Fuel Engines,” Energy 141:2351-2361, 2017, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.11.138.
- Vancoillie, J., Sileghem, L., and Verhelst, S. , “Development and Validation of a Quasi-Dimensional Model for Methanol and Ethanol Fueled SI Engines,” Appl Energy 132:412-425, 2014.
- Iaccarino, S., Breda, S., D'Adamo, A., Fontanesi, S. et al. , “Numerical Simulation and Flame Analysis of Combustion and Knock in a DISI Optically Accessible Research Engine,” SAE Int J Engines 10(2):576-592, 2017.
- Chen, L., Wei, H., Chen, C., Feng, D. et al. , “Numerical Investigations on the Effects of Turbulence Intensity on Knocking Combustion in a Downsized Gasoline Engine,” Energy 166:318-325, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.058.
- Robert, A., Richard, S., Colin, O., Martinez, L., and De Francqueville, L. , “LES Prediction and Analysis of Knocking Combustion in a Spark Ignition Engine,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35(3):2941-2948, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.proci.2014.05.154.
- d'Adamo, A., Breda, S., and Cantore, G. , “Large-Eddy Simulation of Cycle-Resolved Knock in a Turbocharged SI Engine,” Energy Procedia 82:45-50, 2015.
- Misdariis, A., Vermorel, O., and Poinsot, T. , “LES of Knocking in Engines Using Dual Heat Transfer and Two-Step Reduced Schemes,” Combustion and Flame 162(11):4304-4312, 2015, doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.07.023.
- Linse, D., Kleemann, A., and Hasse, C. , “Probability Density Function Approach Coupled with Detailed Chemical Kinetics for the Prediction of Knock in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines,” Combust Flame 161:997-1014, 2014.
- d'Adamo, A., Breda, S., Berni, F., and Fontanesi, S. , “The Potential of Statistical RANS to Predict Knock Tendency: Comparison with LES and Experiments on a Spark-Ignition Engine,” Applied Energy 249:126-142, 2019, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.093.
- Colin, O. and Benkenida, A. , “The 3-Zone Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z) for Computing Premixed/Diffusion Combustion,” Oil Gas Sci. Technol. - Rev. IFP 59(6):593-609, 2004.
- Malaguti, S., Fontanesi, S., Cantore, G., Montanaro, A., and Allocca, L. , “Modelling of Primary Breakup Process of a Gasoline Direct Engine Multi-Hole Spray,” Atomization and Sprays 23(10):861-888, 2013, doi:10.1615/AtomizSpr.2013005867.
- von Kuensberg Sarre, C., Kong, S., and Reitz, R. , “Modeling the Effects of Injector Nozzle Geometry on Diesel Sprays,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0912, 1999, doi:10.4271/1999-01-0912.
- Reitz, R. and Diwakar, R. , “Effect of Drop Breakup on Fuel Sprays,” SAE Technical Paper 860469, 1986, doi:10.4271/860469.
- Berni, F., Cicalese, G., and Fontanesi, S. , “A Modified Thermal Wall Function for the Estimation of Gas-to-Wall Heat Fluxes in CFD In-Cylinder Simulations of High Performance Spark-Ignition Engines,” Applied Thermal Engineering 115(25):1045-1062, March 2017.
- Cicalese, G., Berni, F., and Fontanesi, S. , “Integrated In-Cylinder / CHT Methodology for the Simulation of the Engine Thermal Field: An Application to High Performance Turbocharged DISI Engines,” SAE Int. J. Engines 9(1):601-617, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0578.
- Berni, F., Fontanesi, S., Cicalese, G., and D'Adamo, A. , “Critical Aspects on the Use of Thermal Wall Functions in CFD In-Cylinder Simulations of Spark-Ignition Engines,” SAE Int. J. Commer. Veh. 10(2):547-561, 2017, doi:10.4271/2017-01-0569.
- Fontanesi, S. and Giacopini, M. , “Multiphase CFD-CHT Optimization of the Cooling Jacket and FEM Analysis of the Engine Head of a V6 Diesel Engine,” Applied Thermal Engineering 52(2):293-303, April 15, 2013, doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.12.005.
- Fontanesi, S., Cicalese, G., D'Adamo, A., and Pivetti, G. , “Validation of a CFD Methodology for the Analysis of Conjugate Heat Transfer in a High Performance SI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0132, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-24-0132.
- Fontanesi, S., Cicalese, G., Cantore, G., and D'Adamo, A. , “Integrated In-Cylinder/CHT Analysis for the Prediction of Abnormal Combustion Occurrence in Gasoline Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1151, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1151.
- Rakopoulos, C. D., Kosmadakis, G. M., Dimaratos, A. M., and Pariotis, E. G. , “Investigating the Effect of Crevices Flow on Internal Combustion Engines Using a New Simple Crevice Model Implemented in a CFD Code,” Applied Energy 88:111-126, 2011.