This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Design of Experiments for Effects and Interactions during Brake Emissions Testing Using High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics
Technical Paper
2019-01-2139
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The investigation and measurement of particle emissions from foundation brakes require the use of a special adaptation of inertia dynamometer test systems. To have proper measurements for particle mass and particle number, the sampling system needs to minimize transport losses and reduce residence times inside the brake enclosure. Existing models and spreadsheets estimate key transport losses (diffusion, turbophoretic, contractions, gravitational, bends, and sampling isokinetics). A significant limitation of such models is that they cannot assess the turbulent flow and associated particle dynamics inside the brake enclosure; which are anticipated to be important. This paper presents a Design of Experiments (DOE) approach using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to predict the flow within a dynamometer enclosure under relevant operating conditions. The systematic approach allows the quantification of turbulence intensity, mean velocity profiles, and residence times. The factors of the DOE include: a) airflow level, b) brake size, c) rotor style, d) caliper position, e) brake rotation, f) brake rotational speed, and g) fixture style. Numerical simulations are performed using NGA, a high-order, multi-physics large-eddy simulation code. Particles are tracked individually in a Lagrangian manner. The CFD code is coupled with a conservative immersed boundary method to handle complex geometries. The second part of the study investigates the flow behaviour and the associated isokinetics near the sampling plane in the different nozzles that feed the air samples to the various instruments. In order to better understand the transport and fate of solid particles, the model uses a log-normal particle size distribution between 0.55 μm and 20 μm.
Recommended Content
| Technical Paper | Parameters Affecting Direct Vehicle Exhaust Flow Measurement |
| Technical Paper | Biodiesel Testing in Two On-Road Pickups |
| Technical Paper | Field Trials of Ethanol in Transit Buses |
Authors
Topic
Citation
Agudelo, C., Vedula, R., Capecelatro, J., and Wang, Q., "Design of Experiments for Effects and Interactions during Brake Emissions Testing Using High-Fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics," SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-2139, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-2139.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| [Unnamed Dataset 1] | ||
| [Unnamed Dataset 2] | ||
| [Unnamed Dataset 3] | ||
| [Unnamed Dataset 4] | ||
| [Unnamed Dataset 5] |
Also In
References
- Mathissen, M., Grochowicz, J., Schmidt, C., Vogt, R. et al. , “A Novel Real-World Braking Cycle for Studying Brake Wear Particle Emissions,” Wear 414:219-226, 2018, doi:10.1016/j.wear.2018.07.020.
- Boriboonsomsin, K., Johnson, K., Scora, G., Sandez, D. et al. , “Collection of Activity Data from On-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles,” 2017, https://escholarship.org/uc/item/35b9048d.
- Agudelo, C., Vedula, R., and Odom, T. , “Estimation of Transport Efficiency for Brake Emissions Using Inertia Dynamometer Testing,” SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1886, 2018, doi:10.4271/2018-01-1886.
- International Organization for Standardization , “Road Vehicles-Test Contaminants for Filter Evaluation-Part 1: Arizona Test Dust,” ISO 12103-1:2016.
- International Organization for Standardization , “Representation of Results of Particle Size Analysis-Part 5: Methods of Calculation Relating to Particle Size Analyses Using Logarithmic Normal Probability Distribution,” ISO 9276-5:2005.
- Desjardins, O., Blanquart, G., Balarac, G., and Pitsch, H. , “High Order Conservative Finite Difference Scheme for Variable Density Low Mach Number Turbulent Flows,” Journal of Computational Physics 227(15):7125-7159, 2008.
- Pierce, C. , “Progress-Variable Approach for Large-Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Combustion,” Ph.D. thesis, Citeseer, 2001.
- Germano, M., Piomelli, U., Moin, P., and Cabot, W. , “A Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Eddy Viscosity Model,” Physics of Fluids 3:1760, 1991.
- Lilly, D. , “A Proposed Modification of the Germano Subgrid-Scale Closure Method,” Physics of Fluids 4:633, 1992.
- Meneveau, C., Lund, T., and Cabot, W. , “A Lagrangian Dynamic Subgrid-Scale Model of Turbulence,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 319(1):353-385, 1996.
- Clift, R., Grace, J.R., and Weber, M.E. , Bubbles, Drops, and Particles (Courier Corporation, 2005).
- Capecelatro, J. and Desjardins, O. , “An Euler-Lagrange Strategy for Simulating Particle-Laden Flows,” Journal of Computational Physics 238:1-31, 2013.
- Cundall, P. and Strack, O. , “A Discrete Numerical Model for Granular Assemblies,” Geotechnique 29(1):47-65, 1979.
- Reagle, C.J., Delimont, J.M., Ng, W.F., and Ekkad, S.V. , “Study of Microparticle Rebound Characteristics under High Temperature Conditions,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 136(1):011501, 2014.
- Meyer, M., Devesa, A., Hickel, S., Hu, X.Y., and Adams, N.A. , “A Conservative Immersed Interface Method for Large-Eddy Simulation of Incompressible Flows,” Journal of Computational Physics 229(18):6300-6317, 2010.
- Uhlmann, M. , “An Immersed Boundary Method with Direct Forcing for the Simulation of Particulate Flows,” Journal of Computational Physics 209(2):448-476, 2005.
- Environmental Protection Agency , “Method 1A-Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources with Small Stacks or Ducts,” Aug. 2017.
- International Organization for Standardization , “Stationary Source Emissions-Manual Determination of Mass Concentration of Particulate Matter,” ISO 9096:2017.
- International Organization for Standardization , “Stationary Source Emissions-Manual and Automatic Determination of Velocity and Volume Flow Rates in Ducts-Part 2: Automated Measuring Systems,” ISO 16911-2:2013.