This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Imaging of Fuel-Film Evaporation and Combustion in a Direct-Injection Model Experiment
Technical Paper
2019-01-0293
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Late-evaporating liquid fuel films within the combustion chamber are considered a major source of soot in gasoline direct-injection engines. In this study a direct-injection model experiment was developed to visualize and investigate the evaporation of fuel films and their contribution to soot formation with different diagnostic techniques. A mixture of isooctane (surrogate fuel) and toluene (fluorescent tracer) is injected by a multi-hole injector into a wind tunnel with an optically accessible test section. Air flows continuously at low speed and ambient pressure through the test section. Some of the liquid fuel impinges on the quartz-glass windows and forms fuel films. Combustion is initiated by a pair of electrodes within the fuel/air-mixture. The turbulent flame front propagates through the chamber and ignites pool fires near the fuel films, leading to locally sooting combustion. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of the toluene, excited by laser pulses at 266 nm, is used to image the fuel-film thickness and to visualize the fuel vapor, while laser-induced incandescence (LII), excited at 1064 nm, is used to visualize soot. In complementary line-of-sight imaging, the natural flame luminosity, mainly from soot incandescence, is captured with a high-speed camera while schlieren imaging visualizes the gradients associated with fuel/air mixing and combustion. The LIF images show that the fuel films remain on the wall surface long after the flame front has passed. The evaporation rate of the individual fuel films seems to be unaffected by combustion, indicating that conductive heat transfer from the wall is the limiting factor in evaporation. The visualization of both natural flame luminosity and LII shows that soot formation occurs in small regions but always close to the fuel films.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Jüngst, N. and Kaiser, S., "Imaging of Fuel-Film Evaporation and Combustion in a Direct-Injection Model Experiment," SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0293, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0293.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 |
Also In
References
- Warey , A. , Huang , Y. , Matthews , R. , Hall , M. , and Ng , H. Effects of Piston Wetting on Size and Mass of Particulate Matter Emissions in a DISI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1140 2002 10.4271/2002-01-1140
- Drake , M.C. , Fansler , T.D. , Solomon , A.S. , and Szekely , G. Piston Fuel Films as a Source of Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Wall-Controlled Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Engine SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0547 2003 10.4271/2003-01-0547
- Ortmann , R. , Arndt , S. , Raimann , J. , Grzeszik , R. , and Würfel , G. Methods and Analysis of Fuel Injection, Mixture Preparation and Charge Stratification in Different Direct Injected SI Engines SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0970 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0970
- Stevens , E. and Steeper , R. Piston Wetting in an Optical DISI Engine: Fuel Films, Pool Fires, and Soot Generation SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1203 2001 10.4271/2001-01-1203
- Stojkovic , B.D. , Fansler , T.D. , Drake , M.C. , and Sick , V. High-Speed Imaging of OH* and Soot Temperature and Concentration in a Stratified-Charge Direct-Injection Gasoline Engine Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30 2 2657 2665 2005 10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.021
- Li , J. , Matthews , R.D. , Stanglmaier , R.H. , Roberts , C.E. , and Anderson , R.W. Further Experiments on the Effects of In-Cylinder Wall Wetting on HC Emissions from Direct Injection Gasoline Engines SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3661 1999 10.4271/1999-01-3661
- Stanglmaier , R. , Li , J. , and Matthews , R. The Effect of In-Cylinder Wall Wetting Location on the HC Emissions from SI Engines SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0502 1999 10.4271/1999-01-0502
- Li , J. , Huang , Y. , Alger , T. et al. Liquid Fuel Impingement on In-Cylinder Surfaces as a Source of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Direct Injection Gasoline Engines Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123 3 659 668 2001 10.1115/1.1370398
- Alger , T. , Huang , Y. , Hall , M. , and Matthews , R.D. Liquid Film Evaporation off the Piston of a Direct Injection Gasoline Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1204 2001 10.4271/2001-01-1204
- Schulz , F. and Beyrau , F. Systematic Investigation of Fuel Film Evaporation SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0310 2018 10.4271/2018-01-0310
- Maligne , D. and Bruneaux , G. Time-Resolved Fuel Film Thickness Measurement for Direct Injection SI Engines Using Refractive Index Matching SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1215 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1215
- Lin , M.-T. and Sick , V. Is Toluene a Suitable LIF Tracer for Fuel Film Measurements? SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1355 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1355
- Alonso , M. , Kay , P.J. , Bowen , P.J. , Gilchrist , R. , and Sapsford , S. A Laser Induced Fluorescence Technique for Quantifying Transient Liquid Fuel Films Utilising Total Internal Reflection Experiments in Fluids 48 1 133 142 2010 10.1007/s00348-009-0720-8
- Kay , P.J. , Bowen , P.J. , Gold , M. , and Sapsford , S. Development of a 2D Quantitative LIF Technique Towards Measurement of Transient Liquid Fuel Films presented at ICLASS 2006 Japan Aug. 27-Sep. 1, 2006
- Cho , H. and Min , K. Measurement of Liquid Fuel Film Distribution on the Cylinder Liner of a Spark Ignition Engine Using the Laser-Induced Fluorescence Technique Measurement Science and Technology 14 7 975 982 2003 10.1088/0957-0233/14/7/310
- Schulz , F. , Schmidt , J. , and Beyrau , F. Development of a Sensitive Experimental Set-up for LIF Fuel Wall Film Measurements in a Pressure Vessel Experiments in Fluids 56 5 2015 10.1007/s00348-015-1971-1
- Schulz , F. , Samenfink , W. , Schmidt , J. , and Beyrau , F. Systematic LIF Fuel Wall Film Investigation Fuel 172 284 292 2016 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.017
- Zheng , Y. , Xie , X. , Lai , M.-C. , and Van Der Wege , B. Measurement and Simulation of DI Spray Impingements and Film Characteristics presented at ICLASS 2012 Germany Sep. 2-6, 2012
- Senda , J. , Ohnishi , M. , Takahashi , T. , Fujimoto , H. et al. Measurement and Modeling on Wall Wetted Fuel Film Profile and Mixture Preparation in Intake Port of SI Engine SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-0798 1999 10.4271/1999-01-0798
- Cheng , Y.-s. , Deng , K. , and Li , T. Measurement and Simulation of Wall-Wetted Fuel Film Thickness International Journal of Thermal Sciences 49 4 733 739 2010 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2009.10.006
- Almkvist , G. , Denbratt , I. , Josefsson , G. , and Magnusson , I. Measurements of Fuel Film Thickness in the Inlet Port of an SI Engine by Laser Induced Fluorescence SAE Technical Paper 952483 1995 10.4271/952483
- Takahashi , Y. , Nakase , Y. , and Ichinose , H. Analysis of the Fuel Liquid Film Thickness of a Port Fuel Injection Engine SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-1051 2006 10.4271/2006-01-1051
- Park , S. and Ghandhi , J.B. Fuel Film Temperature and Thickness Measurements on the Piston Crown of a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0649 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0649
- Geiler , J.N. , Grzeszik , R. , Quaing , S. , Manz , A. , and Kaiser , S.A. Development of Laser-Induced Fluorescence to Quantify In-Cylinder Fuel Wall Films International Journal of Engine Research 19 33 134 147 2018 10.1177/1468087417733865
- Schulz , C. and Sick , V. Tracer-LIF Diagnostics: Quantitative Measurement of Fuel Concentration, Temperature and Fuel/Air Ratio in Practical Combustion Systems Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 31 1 75 121 2005 10.1016/j.pecs.2004.08.002
- Trost , J. , Zigan , L. , Leipertz , A. , Sahoo , D. , and C Miles , P. Characterization of Four Potential Laser-Induced Fluorescence Tracers for Diesel Engine Applications Applied Optics 52 33 8001 8007 2013 10.1364/AO.52.008001
- Faust , S. , Goschütz , M. , Kaiser , S. , Dreier , T. , and Schulz , C. A Comparison of Selected Organic Tracers for Quantitative Scalar Imaging in the Gas Phase via Laser-Induced Fluorescence Applied Physics B 117 1 183 194 2014 10.1007/s00340-014-5818-x
- Montanaro , A. , Allocca , L. , Meccariello , G. , and Lazzaro , M. Schlieren and Mie Scattering Imaging System to Evaluate Liquid and Vapor Contours of a Gasoline Spray Impacting on a Heated Wall SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2473 2015 10.4271/2015-24-2473
- Montanaro , A. , Allocca , L. , Lazzaro , M. , and Meccariello , G. Impinging Jets of Fuel on a Heated Surface: Effects of Wall Temperature and Injection Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0863 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0863
- Dec , J. , zur Loye , A. , and Siebers , D.L. Soot Distribution in a D.I. Diesel Engine Using 2-D Laser-Induced Incandescence Imaging SAE Technical Paper 910224 1991 10.4271/910224
- Dec , J.E.E. Christoph, "Ignition and Early Soot Formation in a DI Diesel Engine Using Multiple 2-D Imaging Diagnostics," SAE Technical Paper 950456 1995 10.4271/950456
- Dec , J.E. A Conceptual Model of DI Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging SAE Technical Paper 970873 1997 10.4271/970873
- de Francqueville , L. , Bruneaux , G. , and Thirouard , B. Soot Volume Fraction Measurements in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine by Combined Laser Induced Incandescence and Laser Extinction Method SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 163 182 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0346
- Hertler , D. , Stirn , R. , Arndt , S. , Grzeszik , R. , and Dreizler , A. Investigations of Soot Formation in an Optically Accessible Gasoline Direct Injection Engine by Means of Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII) Applied Physics B 104 2 399 407 2011 10.1007/s00340-011-4392-8
- Raza , M. , Chen , L. , Leach , F. , and Ding , S. A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and their Control Techniques Energies 11 6 2018 10.3390/en11061417
- Robinson , J.W. Atomic Spectroscopy Second Boca Raton Taylor & Francis 1996 27 28 9780824797423
- Zhao , H. Laser Diagnostics and Optical Measurement Techniques in Internal Combustion Engines Warrendale SAE International 2012 9780768057829
- Goulay , F. , Nemes , L. , Schrader , P.E. , and Michelsen , H.A. Spontaneous Emission from C2(d 3Πg) and C3(a 1Πu) during Laser Irradiation of Soot Particles Molecular Physics 108 7-9 1013 1025 2010 10.1080/00268971003627824
- Berlman , I.B. Handbook of Fluorescence Spectra of Aromatic Molecules, Second Edition New York and London Academic Press 1971 113 115 9780323161671
- Semrock Transmission Spectrum of 292/27 Nm Single-Band Bandpass Filter https://www.semrock.com/filterdetails.aspx?id=ff01-292/27-25
- Semrock Transmission Spectrum of 266 Nm Ultrasteep Long-Pass Edge Filter https://www.semrock.com/filterdetails.aspx?id=lp02-266ru-25
- Faust , S.M. Characterisation of Organic Fuel Tracers for Laser-Based Quantitative Diagnostics of Fuel Concentration, Temperature, and Equivalence Ratio in Practical Combustion Processes 2013
- Ramart-Lucas , M. and Bertucat , S. Déformation de la structure électronique du carbone par effet stérique (Série de la pyridine) Bulletin De La Societe Chimique De France 18 212 214 1951
- Benzler , T. , Endres , T. , Dreier , T. , and Schulz , C. Temperature, Pressure, and Oxygen Quenching Behavior of Fluorescence Spectra and Lifetimes of Gas-Phase O-Xylene and 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Applied Physics B 124 4 70 2018 10.1007/s00340-018-6937-6
- Leermakers , C.A.J. and Musculus , M.P.B. In-Cylinder Soot Precursor Growth in a Low-Temperature Combustion Diesel Engine: Laser-Induced Fluorescence of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35 3 3079 3086 2015 10.1016/j.proci.2014.06.101
- Bobba , M.K. and Musculus , M.P.B. Laser Diagnostics of Soot Precursors in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine at Low-Temperature Combustion Conditions Combustion and Flame 159 2 832 843 2012 10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.07.017