This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Generation and Oxidation of Soot due to Fuel Films Utilizing High Speed Visualization Techniques
Technical Paper
2019-01-0251
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
For a better understanding of how soot is generated due to fuel films, a constant volume vessel was used together with four visualization techniques due to their high spatial (2D) and time resolution: Schlieren, natural luminosity, diffused back illumination and OH* chemiluminescence. The analysis was performed keeping the injection pressure at 30 bar and changing the plate temperature on which the spray impacts: 80, 120, 160 and 200 °C. The fuel is a mixture of iso-octane, hexane, toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene, which presents similar properties to commercial gasoline. Valuable insights were gained from the results that infer the real nature of the radiation observed during combustion events in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines due to the presence of a fuel films which are conventionally described as “pool fires”. The results show that the highest quantity of soot is generated between plate temperatures of 80 and 120 °C. The composition of the fuel film and the flow field generated after the passage of the flame front are of paramount importance in the description of the soot generated around the impingement region. The 2D maps of KL-factor (obtained from DBI) confirm the same trend of the natural luminosity observations. The image analysis of KL-factor and OH* reveals that the radiation emitted is due to diffusion flames reacting inside a post combustion environment which consumes the fuel film that has survived to the flame. Four key moments on the soot generation are discussed and some limitations in the application of the OH* chemiluminescence are presented.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Roque, A., Foucher, F., Imoehl, W., and Helie, J., "Generation and Oxidation of Soot due to Fuel Films Utilizing High Speed Visualization Techniques," SAE Technical Paper 2019-01-0251, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4271/2019-01-0251.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 |
Also In
References
- Montanaro , A. , Allocca , L. , Lazzaro , M. , and Meccariello , G. Vapor and Liquid Phases of the ECN Spray G Impacting on a Flat Wall at Engine-Like Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2199 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2199
- Montanaro , A. , Allocca , L. , Rocco , V. , Costa , M. et al. Transient Heat Transfer Effects on a Gasoline Spray Impact against Hot Surfaces: Experimental and Numerical Study SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0107 2017 10.4271/2017-24-0107
- Montanaro , A. , Allocca , L. , Lazzaro , M. , and Meccariello , G. Impinging Jets of Fuel on a Heated Surface: Effects of Wall Temperature and Injection Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0863 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0863
- Miyashita , K. , Tsukamoto , T. , Fukuda , Y. , Kondo , K. et al. High-Speed UV and Visible Laser Shadowgraphy of GDI In-Cylinder Pool Fire SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2165 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2165
- Stevens , E. and Steeper , R. Piston Wetting in an Optical DISI Engine: Fuel Films, Pool Fires, and Soot Generation SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1203 2001 10.4271/2001-01-1203
- Kim , D. , Zhang , Y. , Clark , L. , Kook , S. et al. In-Flame Soot Sampling and Morphology Analysis in an Optical Spark-Ignition Direct-Injection (Sidi) Engine SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1418 2018 10.4271/2018-01-1418
- Glassman , I. , Yetter , R. , and Glumac , N. Combustion Fifth Elsevier 2014 10.1016/C2011-0-05402-9
- Tomasi , C. , Fuzzi , S. , Kim , G.R. , and Kokhanovsky , A. Atmospheric Aerosols Weinheim, Germany Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA 2017 10.1002/9783527336449
- Perera , F.P. Multiple Threats to Child Health from Fossil Fuel Combustion: Impacts of Air Pollution and Climate Change Environ. Health Perspect. 125 2 141 148 2017 10.1289/EHP299
- Ketterer , J.E. and Cheng , W.K. On the Nature of Particulate Emissions from DISI Engines at Cold-Fast-Idle SAE Int. J. Engines 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1368
- Oh , C. and Cheng , W.K. Assessment of Gasoline Direct Injection Engine Cold Start Particulate Emission Sources SAE Int. J. Engines 10 4 1556 1565 2017 10.4271/2017-01-0795
- Dreizler , A. and Böhm , B. Advanced Laser Diagnostics for an Improved Understanding of Premixed Flame-Wall Interactions Proc. Combust. Inst. 35 1 37 64 2015 10.1016/j.proci.2014.08.014
- Miyashita , K. , Tsukamoto , T. , Fukuda , Y. , Kondo , K. et al. High-Speed UV and Visible Laser Shadowgraphy of GDI In-Cylinder Pool Fire SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2165 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2165
- Karlsson , R.B. and Heywood , J.B. Piston Fuel Film Observations in an Optical Access GDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-2022 2014 10.4271/2001-01-2022
- Michelsen , H.A. Probing Soot Formation, Chemical and Physical Evolution, and Oxidation: A Review of In Situ Diagnostic Techniques and Needs Proc. Combust. Inst. 36 1 717 735 2017 10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.027
- Costa , M. , Sorge , U. , and Allocca , L. Increasing Energy Efficiency of a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine through Optimal Synchronization of Single or Double Injection Strategies Energy Convers. Manag. 60 77 86 2012 10.1016/j.enconman.2011.12.025
- Costa , M. , Sorge , U. , and Allocca , L. CFD Optimization for GDI Spray Model Tuning and Enhancement of Engine Performance Adv. Eng. Softw. 49 1 43 53 2012 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2012.03.004
- Wang , C. , Xu , H. , Herreros , J.M. , Wang , J. et al. Impact of Fuel and Injection System on Particle Emissions from a GDI Engine Appl. Energy 132 178 191 2014 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.012
- Galmiche , B. , Halter , F. , and Foucher , F. Effects of High Pressure, High Temperature and Dilution on Laminar Burning Velocities and Markstein Lengths of Iso-Octane/Air Mixtures Combust. Flame 159 11 3286 3299 2012 10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.06.008
- Endouard , C. , Halter , F. , Chauveau , C. , and Foucher , F. Effects of CO2, H2O, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation Dilution on Laminar Burning Velocities and Markstein Lengths of Iso-Octane/Air Mixtures Combust. Sci. Technol. 188 4-5 516 528 2016 10.1080/00102202.2016.1138792
- Zhao , H. Advanced Direct Injection Combustion Engine Technologies and Development Woodhead Publishing Limited 2010 10.1533/9781845697457
- Xu , H. , Wang , C. , Ma , X. , Sarangi , A.K. et al. Fuel Injector Deposits in Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition engines Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 50 63 80 2015 10.1016/j.pecs.2015.02.002
- Zhang , J. , Jing , W. , and Fang , T. High Speed Imaging of OH*Chemiluminescence and Natural Luminosity of Low Temperature Diesel Spray Combustion Fuel 99 226 234 2012 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.04.031
- Li , K. , Dong , P. , Matsuo , T. , Shi , B. et al. Characteristics of Diesel Spray Flame under Flat Wall Impinging Condition --LAS, OH* Chemiluminescence and Two Color Pyrometry Results SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2636 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2636
- Smith , D.S. and Starkman , E.S. A Spectroscopic Study of the Hydroxyl Radical in an Internal-Combustion Engine Symp. Combust. 13 1 439 449 1971 10.1016/S0082-0784(71)80046-2
- Tinaut , F.V. , Reyes , M. , Giménez , B. , and Pastor , J.V. Measurements of OH* and CH* Chemiluminescence in Premixed Flames in a Constant Volume Combustion Bomb Under Autoignition Conditions Energy and Fuels 25 1 119 129 2011 10.1021/ef1013456
- Payri , F. , Pastor , J.V. , García , J.M. , and Pastor , J.M. Contribution to the Application of Two-Colour Imaging to Diesel Combustion Meas. Sci. Technol. 18 8 2579 2598 2007 10.1088/0957-0233/18/8/034
- Westlye , F.R. , Penney , K. , Ivarsson , A. , Pickett , L.M. et al. Diffuse Back-Illumination Setup for High Temporally Resolved Extinction Imaging Appl. Opt. 56 17 5028 2017 10.1364/AO.56.005028
- Lind , T. , Roberts , G. , Eagle , W. , Rousselle , C. et al. Mechanisms of Post-Injection Soot-Reduction Revealed by Visible and Diffuse-Background-Illumination Soot Extinction Imaging SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0232 2018 10.4271/2018-01-0232
- Ebrahimi , R. Effect of Specific Heat Ratio on Heat Release Analysis in a Spark Ignition Engine Sci. Iran. 18 6 1231 1236 2011 10.1016/j.scient.2011.11.002
- Ceviz , M.A. and Kaymaz , I. Temperature and Air-Fuel Ratio Dependent Specific Heat Ratio Functions for Lean Burned and Unburned Mixture Energy Convers. Manag. 46 15-16 2387 2404 2005 10.1016/j.enconman.2004.12.009
- Weclas , M. and Cypris , J. Role of Jet Core in Splashing Patterns of Diesel Jet Impingement on a Solid Wall Int. J. Engine Res. 11 1 29 46 2010 10.1243/14680874JER05109
- Schulz , F. , Samenfink , W. , Schmidt , J. , and Beyrau , F. Systematic LIF Fuel Wall Film Investigation Fuel 172 284 292 2016 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.017
- Zhang , X. , Tang , C. , Yu , H. , and Huang , Z. Flame-Front Instabilities of Outwardly Expanding Isooctane/n-Butanol Blend-Air Flames at Elevated Pressures Energy and Fuels 28 3 2258 2266 2014 10.1021/ef4025382
- SIVASHINSKY , G.I. Diffusional-Thermal Theory of Cellular Flames Combust. Sci. Technol. 15 3-4 137 145 1977 10.1080/00102207708946779
- Jarosinski , J. and Veyssiere , B. Combustion Phenomena CRC Press 2009 10.1201/9780849384097
- Suckart , D. , Schutting , E. , and Eichlseder , H. Flame-Wall Interactions in a Spark-ignition Engine MTZ Worldwide 78 10 66 69 2017 10.1007/s38313-017-0095-9
- Desoutter , G. , Cuenot , B. , Habchi , C. , and Poinsot , T. Interaction of a Premixed Flame with a Liquid Fuel Film on a Wall Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 1 259 265 2005 10.1016/j.proci.2004.07.043
- Tao , M. , Ge , H. , VanDerWege , B. , and Zhao , P. Fuel Wall Film Effects On Premixed Flame Propagation, Quenching and Emission Int. J. Engine Res. 146808741879956 2018 10.1177/1468087418799565
- Aleiferis , P.G. , Hardalupas , Y. , Taylor , A.M.K.P. , Ishii , K. et al. Flame Chemiluminescence Studies of Cyclic Combustion Variations and Air-to-Fuel Ratio of the Reacting Mixture in a Lean-Burn Stratified-Charge Spark-Ignition Engine Combust. Flame 136 1-2 72 90 2004 10.1016/j.combustflame.2003.09.004
- Abata , D.L. , Myers , P.S. , and Uyehara , O.A. Spectroscopic Investigation of Hydroxyl Radical Formation in the End Gases of a Spark-Ignited Engine Utilizing a Dye Laser SAE Technical Paper 1978-02-01 1978 10.4271/780970
- Kuwahara , K. and Ando , H. Diagnostics of In-Cylinder Flow, Mixing and Combustion in Gasoline Engines Meas. Sci. Technol. 11 6 R95 2000 10.1088/0957-0233/11/6/202
- Metghalchi , M. and Keck , J.C. Burning Velocities of Mixtures of Air with Methanol, Isooctane, and Indolene at High Pressure and Temperature Combust. Flame 48 C 191 210 1982 10.1016/0010-2180(82)90127-4
- Song , J. , Kim , T. , Jang , J. , and Park , S. Effects of the Injection Strategy on the Mixture Formation and Combustion Characteristics in a DISI (Direct Injection Spark Ignition) Optical Engine Energy 93 1758 1768 2015 10.1016/j.energy.2015.10.058
- Kim , K. , Kim , D. , Jung , Y. , and Bae , C. Spray and Combustion Characteristics of Gasoline and Diesel in a Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine Fuel 109 616 626 2013 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.060
- Tree , D.R. and Svensson , K.I. Soot Processes in Compression Ignition Engines Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 33 3 272 309 2007 10.1016/j.pecs.2006.03.002
- Schulz , F. , Schmidt , J. , Magdeburg , O. , Gmbh , R.B. et al. Gasoline Wall Films and Spray / Wall Interaction Analyzed by Infrared Thermography SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1446 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1446
- Wang , Y. Study of Deposit Formation inside Diesel Injectors Nozzles MIT 2012
- Kobayashi , Y. and Arai , M. Characteristics of PM Exhausted from Pool Diffusion Flame with Gasoline and Surrogate Gasoline Fuels SAE Int. J. Engines 9 1 2015 01-2024 2015 10.4271/2015-01-2024