This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
A Progress Review on Gas Purge for Enhancing Cold Start Performance in PEM Fuel Cell
Technical Paper
2018-01-1312
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Cold start capability is one of remaining major challenges in realizing PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell) technology for automotive applications. Gas purge is a common and integral shutdown procedure of a PEMFC automotive in subzero temperature. A dryer membrane electrode assembly (MEA) can store more water before it gets saturated and ice starts to penetrate in the open pores of porous media, thus enhancing cold start capability of a PEMFC. Therefore, gas purge is always performed prior to fuel cell shutdown to minimize residual water in a PEMFC. In the hope of improving effectiveness of purge in a PEMFC vehicle, two important purge parameters are evaluated including purge time and energy requirement. In practice, an optimized gas purge protocol should be developed with minimal parasitic energy, short purge duration and no degradation of components. To conclude, the cold start capability and performance can be consolidated by proper design of gas purge strategies.
Despite of its paramount importance, gas purge is not studied in detail and no known efforts have been made to review in detail. This paper begins with a fundamental understanding of gas purge mechanism. Thereafter, the paper reviews the current state of art in gas purge numerical and experimental investigations by different researchers. The most recently applied different gas purge methods are summarized and compared (i.e. pressure reduction for water removal, pressure gradient for discharge method, addition of hydrogen on the cathode side). It is suggested that gas purge strategies should remove residual water from the fuel cell after it shutdowns in shortest possible period of time for practical purpose and energy conservation point of view.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Xu, P. and Xu, S., "A Progress Review on Gas Purge for Enhancing Cold Start Performance in PEM Fuel Cell," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1312, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1312.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 4 |
Also In
References
- http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2016/06/f32/fcto_myrdd_fuel_cells_0.pdf
- Wu , J. , Xiao , Z.Y. , Martin , J.J. et al. A Review of PEM Fuel Cell Durability: Degradation Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies Journal of Power Sources 184 1 104 119 2008
- Nandy , A. , Jiang , F. , Ge , S. et al. Effect of Cathode Pore Volume on PEM Fuel Cell Cold Start Journal of the Electrochemical Society 157 5 B726 B736 2010
- Cho , K.T. and Mench , M.M. Coupled Effects of Flow Field Geometry and Diffusion Media Material Structure on Evaporative Water Removal From Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35 22 12329 12340 2010
- Zhang , C. , Liu , Z. , Zhang , X. et al. Dynamic Performance of a High-Temperature PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) Fuel Cell - Modelling and Fuzzy Control of Purging Process Energy 95 425 432 2016
- Hou , Y. , Shen , C. , Dong , H. et al. A Dynamic Model for Hydrogen Consumption of Fuel Cell Stacks Considering the Effects of Hydrogen Purge Operation Renewable Energy 62 3 672 678 2014
- Chen , Y.S. , Yang , C.W. , and Lee , J.Y. Implementation and Evaluation for Anode Purging of a Fuel Cell Based on Nitrogen Concentration Applied Energy 2113 1 1519 1524 2014
- Nikiforow , K. , Karimäki , H. , Keränen , T.M. et al. Optimization Study of Purge Cycle in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System Journal of Power Sources 238 28 336 344 2013
- Mokmeli , A. and Asghari , S. An Investigation into the Effect of Anode Purging on the Fuel Cell Performance International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35 17 9276 9282 2010
- Jiang , F. , Fang , W. , and Wang , C.Y. Non-Isothermal Cold Start of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Electrochimica Acta 53 2 610 621 2007
- Cho , E.A. , Ko , J.J. , Ha , H.Y. et al. Effects of Water Removal on the Performance Degradation of PEMFCs Repetitively Brought to <0°C Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151 5 A661 A665 2004
- Guo , Q. and Qi , Z. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Properties and Performance of Membrane-Electrode Assemblies Journal of Power Sources 160 2 1269 1274 2006
- Sinha , P.K. and Wang , C.Y. Gas Purge in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Journal of the Electrochemical Society 154 11 609 618 2007
- Ding , J. , Mu , Y.-T. , Zhai , S. et al. Numerical Study of Gas Purge in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 103 744 752 2016
- Tajiri , K. , Wang , C.Y. , and Tabuchi , Y. Water Removal From a PEFC During Gas Purge Electrochimica Acta 53 22 6337 6343 2008
- Cho , K.T. and Mench , M.M. Fundamental Characterization of Evaporative Water Removal From Fuel Cell Diffusion Media Journal of Power Sources 195 12 3858 3869 2010
- Yiotis , A.G. , Tsimpanogiannis , I.N. , Stubos , A.K. et al. Pore-Network Study of the Characteristic Periods in the Drying of Porous Materials Journal of Colloid & Interface Science 297 2 738 748 2006
- Rogers , J.A. and Kaviany , M. Funicular and Evaporative-Front Regimes in Convective Drying of Granular Beds International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer 35 2 469 480 1992
- Prat , M. Recent Advances in Pore-Scale Models for Drying of Porous Media Chemical Engineering Journal 86 1-2 153 164 2002
- Coussot , P. Scaling Approach of the Convective Drying of a Porous Medium Physics of Condensed Matter 15 3 557 566 2000
- Laurindo , J.B. and Prat , M. Numerical and Experimental Network Study of Evaporation in Capillary Porous Media. Phase Distributions Chemical Engineering Science 51 23 5171 5185 1996
- Tang , H.Y. , Santamaria , A.D. , Bachman , J. et al. Vacuum-Assisted Drying of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applied Energy 107 4 264 270 2013
- Fuss R.L. 2002
- Kim , Y.S. , Kim , S.I. , Lee , N.W. et al. Study on a Purge Method Using Pressure Reduction for Effective Water Removal in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 30 9473 9484 2015
- Kim , S.I. , Lee , N.W. , Kim , Y.S. et al. Effective Purge Method With Addition of Hydrogen on the Cathode Side for Cold Start in PEM Fuel Cell International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 26 11357 11369 2013
- Bradean , R. , Haas , H. , Eggen , K. et al. Stack Models and Designs for Improving Fuel Cell Startup From Freezing Temperatures Ecs Transactions 3 1 1510 1513 2006
- Khandelwal , M. and Mench , M.M. An Integrated Modeling Approach for Temperature Driven Water Transport in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack After Shutdown Journal of Power Sources 195 19 6549 6558 2010
- Owejan , J.P. , Gagliardo , J.J. , Sergi , J.M. et al. Water Management Studies in PEM Fuel Cells, Part I: Fuel Cell Design and In Situ Water Distributions International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 8 3436 3444 2009
- Konno , N. , Mizuno , S. , Nakaji , H. et al. Development of Compact and High-Performance Fuel Cell Stack SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 4 1 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1175
- Tang , H.Y. , Santamaria , A. , Park , J.W. et al. Quantification of Water in Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Flow Channels Subjected to Gas Purging via Neutron Imaging Journal of Power Sources 196 22 9373 9381 2011
- Lee , C.Y. , Lee , Y.M. , and Lee , S.J. Local Area Water Removal Analysis of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Under Gas Purge Conditions Sensors 12 1 768 783 2012
- Sun , S. , Yu , H. , Hou , J. et al. Catalytic Hydrogen/Oxygen Reaction Assisted the Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Startup at Subzero Temperature Journal of Power Sources 177 1 137 141 2008
- Guo , Q. , Luo , Y. , and Jiao , K. Modeling of Assisted Cold Start Processes With Anode Catalytic Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 2 1004 1015 2013
- Luo , Y. , Jia , B. , Jiao , K. et al. Catalytic Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction in Anode and Cathode for Cold Start of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 40 32 10293 10307 2015
- Kim , S.I. , Baik , K.D. , Kim , B.J. et al. Experimental Study on Mitigating the Cathode Flooding at Low Temperature by Adding Hydrogen to the Cathode Reactant Gas in PEM Fuel Cell International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38 3 1544 1552 2013
- Gottesfeld , S. A New Approach to the Problem of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Fuel Cells Operating at Low Temperatures Journal of the Electrochemical Society 135 10 2651 2652 1988
- Sachs , C. , Hildebrand , M. , Volkening , S. et al. Spatiotemporal Self-Organization in a Surface Reaction: From the Atomic to the Mesoscopic Scale Science 293 5535 1635 1638 2001
- Sinha , P.K. , Wang , C.Y. , Sinha , P.K. et al. Two-Phase Modeling of Gas Purge in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Journal of Power Sources 183 2 609 618 2008
- Ge , S. and Wang , C.Y. Characteristics of Subzero Startup and Water/Ice Formation on the Catalyst Layer in a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Electrochimica Acta 52 14 4825 4835 2007
- Owejan , J.P. , Gagliardo , J.J. , Falta , S.R. et al. Accumulation and Removal of Liquid Water in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156 12 B1475 B1483 2009
- Tajiri , K. , Tabuchi , Y. , and Wang , C.Y. Isothermal Cold Start of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Journal of The Electrochemical Society 53 2 610 621 2007
- Inai S. , Hayashi K. , Jinba R. , et al. 2011
- Miyata K. , Wake C. , Ogawa J. 2011
- Wake C. , Inai S. , Miyata K. 2010
- Morikawa H. , Asano Y. , Takano J. , et al. 2012
- Weber , A.Z. Coupled Thermal and Water Management in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Journal of the Electrochemical Society 153 12 A2205 A2214 2006
- Kim , S. and Mench , M.M. Investigation of Temperature-Driven Water Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell: Phase-Change-Induced Flow Journal of the Electrochemical Society 156 3 B353 B362 2009
- Tajiri , K. , Tabuchi , Y. , and Kagami , F. Effects of Operating and Design Parameters on PEFC Cold Start Journal of Power Sources 165 1 279 286 2007
- Lee , N.W. , Kim , S.I. , Kim , Y.S. et al. An Effective Discharge Method for Condensed Water Inside the GDL Using Pressure Gradient of a PEM Fuel Cell International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer 85 703 710 2015
- Manabe , K. , Naganuma , Y. , Nonobe , Y. , Kizaki , M. et al. Development of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle Rapid Start-up from Sub-freezing Temperatures SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1092 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1092
- Naganuma , Y. , Manabe , K. , Imanishi , H. , and Nonobe , Y. Development of System Control for Rapid Warm-up Operation of Fuel Cell SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 1 1 365 373 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1230
- Jiao K. 2011
- Bradean , R. , Haas , H. , Desousa , A. et al. Models for Predicting MEA Water Content During Fuel Cell Operation and After Shutdown Proceedings of the AIChE 2005 Annual Meeting Cincinnati, OH 2005
- Yun , W. and Wang , C.Y. Two-Phase Transients of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Journal of the Electrochemical Society 154 7 B636 B643 2007
- Ju , H. , Gang , L. , and Wang , C.Y. Prediction of Dry-Wet-Dry Transition in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Journal of the Electrochemical Society 153 3 B316 B321 2007
- St-Pierre , J. , Roberts , J. , Colbow , K. et al. PEMFC Operational and Design Strategies for Sub-Zero Environments Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 8 3 163 176 2005
- Lee , S.Y. , Kim , S.U. , Kim , H.J. et al. Water Removal Characteristics of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Using a Dry Gas Purging Method Journal of Power Sources 180 2 784 790 2008
- St-Pierre , J. , Wong , A. , Diep , J. et al. Demonstration of a Residence Time Distribution Method for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Evaluation Journal of Power Sources 164 1 196 202 2007
- Cho , K.T. and Mench , M.M. Effect of Material Properties on Evaporative Water Removal From Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Diffusion Media Journal of Power Sources 195 19 6748 6757 2010
- Cho , K. T. , Turhan , A. , Lee J H. , et al. Probing Water Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells With Neutron Radiography Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research 605 1-2 119 122 2009
- Sinha , P.K. Quantification of Liquid Water Saturation in a PEM Fuel Cell Diffusion Medium Using X-Ray Microtomography Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 9 7 A344 A348 2006
- Wang , X. , Tajiri , K. , and Ahluwalia , R.K. Water Transport During Startup and Shutdown of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stacks Journal of Power Sources 195 19 6680 6687 2010