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Infrared Borescopic Evaluation of High-Energy and Long-Duration Ignition Systems for Lean/Dilute Combustion in Heavy-Duty Natural-Gas Engines
Technical Paper
2018-01-1149
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
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English
Abstract
Natural gas (NG) is attractive for heavy-duty (HD) engines for reasons of cost stability, emissions, and fuel security. NG cannot be reliably compression-ignited, but conventional gasoline ignition systems are not optimized for NG and are challenged to ignite mixtures that are lean or diluted with exhaust-gas recirculation (EGR). NG ignition is particularly challenging in large-bore engines, where completing combustion in the available time is more difficult. Using two high-speed infrared (IR) cameras with borescopic access to one cylinder of an HD NG engine, the effect of ignition system on the early flame-kernel development and cycle-to-cycle variability (CCV) was investigated. Imaging in the IR yielded strong signals from water emission lines, which located the flame front and burned-gas regions and obviated image intensifiers. A 9.7-liter, six-cylinder engine was modified to enable exhaust-gas recirculation and to provide optical access. Three ignition technologies were studied: a conventional system delivering 65 mJ of energy to each spark, a high-energy conventional system delivering 140 mJ, and a Bosch Controlled Electronic Ignition (CEI) system. CEI uses electronics to extend the ignition event, yielding sparks up to 5 ms in duration with up to 300 mJ of energy. Air/fuel equivalence ratios, λ, as high as 1.6 (with minimum EGR) and EGR fractions as high as 23% (stoichiometric) were tested; ignition delay, engine-out emissions, fuel consumption and image-derived parameters were compared. In most lean or dilute cases, the 140-mJ system yielded the lowest CCV. The imagery provided information about the early stages of ignition and combustion, where pressure measurements are not reliable. Image-based metrics also revealed that early flame kernels located further from the head yielded better combustion, showing that borescopic IR imaging can provide guidance for future engine design.
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Mazacioglu, A., Gross, M., Kern, J., and Sick, V., "Infrared Borescopic Evaluation of High-Energy and Long-Duration Ignition Systems for Lean/Dilute Combustion in Heavy-Duty Natural-Gas Engines," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1149, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1149.Data Sets - Support Documents
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