This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Investigation of the Impact of Fuel Properties on Particulate Number Emission of a Modern Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
Technical Paper
2018-01-0358
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) has become the preferred technology for spark-ignition engines resulting in greater specific power output and lower fuel consumption, and consequently reduction in CO2 emission. However, GDI engines face a substantial challenge in meeting new and future emission limits, especially the stringent particle number (PN) emissions recently introduced in Europe and China. Studies have shown that the fuel used by a vehicle has a significant impact on engine out emissions. In this study, nine fuels with varying chemical composition and physical properties were tested on a modern turbo-charged side-mounted GDI engine with design changes to reduce particulate emissions. The fuels tested included four fuels meeting US certification requirements; two fuels meeting European certification requirements; and one fuel meeting China 6 certification requirements being proposed at the time of this work. Two risk safeguard fuels (RSG), representing the properties of worst case market fuels in Europe and China, were also included. The particle number concentration of the solid particulates was measured in the engine-out exhaust flow at steady state engine operations with load and speed sweeps, and semi-transient load steps. The test results showed a factor of 6 PN emission difference among all certification fuels tested. Combined with detailed fuel analyses, this study evaluated important factors (such as oxygenates, carbon chain length and thermo-physical properties) that cause PN emissions which were not included in PMI index. A linear regression was performed to develop a PN predictive model which showed improved fitting quality than using PMI.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Fatouraie, M., Frommherz, M., Mosburger, M., Chapman, E. et al., "Investigation of the Impact of Fuel Properties on Particulate Number Emission of a Modern Gasoline Direct Injection Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-0358, 2018, https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0358.Data Sets - Support Documents
| Title | Description | Download |
|---|---|---|
| Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 3 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 4 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 5 | ||
| Unnamed Dataset 6 |
Also In
References
- Aikawa , K. , Sakurai , T. , and Jetter , J.J. Development of a Predictive Model for Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 2 610 622 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2115
- Wang , C. , Xu , H. , Herreros , J.M. , Wang , J. et al. Impact of Fuel and Injection System on Particle Emissions from a GDI Engine Appl. Energy 132 178 191 2014 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.012
- Price , P. , Twiney , B. , Stone , R. , Kar , K. et al. Particulate and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Spray Guided Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine with Oxygenate Fuel Blends Reprinted From: SI Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0472 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0472
- Kobayashi , Y. Characteristics of PM Exhausted from Pool Diffusion Flame with Gasoline and Surrogate Gasoline Fuels SAE Int. J. Engines 9 1 315 321 2015 10.4271/2015-01-2024
- Chapman , E. , Winiston-Galant , M. , Latigo , R. , and Boehman , A. Alternative Fuel Property Correlations to the Honda Particulate Matter Index (PMI) SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2250 2016 10.4271/2016-01-2250
- Yinhui , W. , Rong , Z. , Yanhong , Q. , Jianfei , P. et al. The Impact of Fuel Compositions on the Particulate Emissions of Direct Injection Gasoline Engine Fuel 166 543 552 2016 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.11.019
- Wittmann , J.-H. and Menger , L. Novel Index for Evaluation of Particle Formation Tendencies of Fuels with Different Chemical Compositions SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 10 3 2017 10.4271/2017-01-9380
- Leach , F. , Stone , R. , Fennell , D. , Hayden , D. et al. Predicting the Particulate Matter Emissions from Spray-Guided Gasoline Directinjection Spark Ignition Engines Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231 6 717 730 2017
- Sakai , S. and Rothamer , D. Effect of Ethanol Blending on Particulate Formation from Premixed Combustion in Spark-Ignition Engines Fuel 196 154 168 2017 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.01.070
- Mohd Murad , S. , Camm , J. , Davy , M. , and Stone , R. Spray Behaviour and Particulate Matter Emissions with M15 Methanol/Gasoline Blends in a GDI Engine SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0991 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0991
- Leach , F. , Stone , R. , Davy , M. , Richardson , D. 2015
- Ratcliff , M.A. , Burton , J. , Sindler , P. , Christensen , E. et al. Knock Resistance and Fine Particle Emissions for Several Biomass-Derived Oxygenates in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9 1 59 70 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0705
- Li , S. X. , Sczomak , D. , Levy , R. S. , Anderson , J. et al. Euro6c Particulate Emission Mitigation Using Piston Surface Temperature Measurement and Optical Visualization 12th International Symposium on Combustion Diagnostics 2016
- Swarin , S. and Drumm , C. Prediction of Gasoline Properties with Near- Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics SAE Technical Paper 912390 1991 10.4271/912390
- Chupka , G.M. , Christensen , E. , Fouts , L. , Alleman , T.L. et al. Heat of Vaporization Measurements for Ethanol Blends Up To 50 Volume Percent in Several Hydrocarbon Blendstocks and Implications for Knock in SI Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr 8 2 2015 10.4271/2015-01-0763
- Liu , H. , Wang , Z. , Long , Y. , Xiang , S. et al. Comparative Study on Alcohol-Gasoline and Gasoline-Alcohol Dual-Fuel Spark Ignition (DFSI) Combustion for Engine Particle Number (PN) Reduction Fuel 159 250 258 2015 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.059
- Fatouraie , M. , Wooldridge , M. , and Wooldridge , S. In-Cylinder Particulate Matter and Spray Imaging of Ethanol/Gasoline Blends in a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 1 10 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0259
- Fatouraie , M. , Wooldridge , M.S. , Wooldridge , S.T. , and Petersen , B.R. Effects of Ethanol on In-Cylinder and Exhaust Gas Particulate Emissions of a Gasoline Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Energy & Fuels 29 5 3399 3412 2015 10.1021/ef502758y
- He , X. , Ireland , J.C. , Zigler , B.T. , Ratcliff , M.A. et al. The Impacts of Mid-Level Biofuel Content in Gasoline on SIDI Engine-Out and Tailpipe Particulate Matter Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2125 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2125
- Vuk , C. and Vander Griend , S.J. Fuel Property Effects on Particulates in Spark Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1124 2013 10.4271/2013-01-1124
- Qin , J. , Li , X. , and Pei , Y. 2016 10.4271/2014-01-2841.Copyright
- Park , S.H. , Kim , H.J. , Suh , H.K. , and Lee , C.S. Atomization and Spray Characteristics of Bioethanol and Bioethanol Blended Gasoline Fuel Injected Through a Direct Injection Gasoline Injector Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 30 6 1183 1192 2009 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2009.07.002
- Zeng , W. , Xu , M. , Zhang , G. , Zhang , Y. et al. Atomization and Vaporization for Flash-Boiling Multi-Hole Sprays with Alcohol Fuels Fuel 95 287 297 2012 10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.048
- Montanaro , A. and Allocca , L. Flash Boiling Evidences of a Multi-Hole GDI Spray under Engine Conditions by Mie-Scattering Measurements SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1945 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1945
- Huang , Y. , Huang , S. , Huang , R. , and Hong , G. Spray and Evaporation Characteristics of Ethanol and Gasoline Direct Injection in Non-Evaporating, Transition and Flash-Boiling Conditions Energy Convers. Manag. 108 68 77 2016 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.081
- Wang , Y. , Zheng , R. , Shuai , S. , Qin , Y. et al. The Impact of Fuel Properties from Chinese Market on the Particulate and VOCs Emissions of a PFI and a DIG Engine SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0838 2016 10.4271/2016-01-0838