This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Spray Combustion Analysis of Humins
Technical Paper
2017-24-0119
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
This content contains downloadable datasets
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Second generation biomass is an attractive renewable feedstock for transport fuels. Its sulfur content is generally negligible and the carbon cycle is reduced from millions to tens of years. One hitherto non-valorized feedstock are so-called humins, a residual product formed in the conversion of sugars to platform chemicals, such as hydroxymethylfurfural and methoxymethylfurfural, intermediates in the production of FDCA, a building block used to produce the polyethylene furanoate (PEF) bottle by Avantium.
The focus of this study is to investigate the spray combustion behavior of humins as a renewable alternative for heavy fuel oil (HFO) under large two-stroke engine-like conditions in an optically accessible constant volume chamber. To reduce the viscosity to HFO levels of the otherwise crystalline humins, methyl levulinate (ML), another side-stream from the same sugar dehydration process, is blended to the former compound at 25 wt.-%; a ratio comparable to that actually produced in many dehydration processes.
Various fuel properties of interest, including elemental composition, heating value, density, ignition quality, acid number, flash point, pour point, carbon residue, sediment, water and ash content are measured for the resulting humins-ML blend.
The blend is injected into an optically accessible constant volume chamber, the dimensions, injector characteristics and prevailing ambient conditions of which are representative of those found in large two-stroke marine engines. Commercial HFO is used as a benchmark.
The combustion process is evaluated by means of shadow imaging and OH*-chemiluminescence. The former and latter optical techniques are used to determine the phasing and overall magnitude of the heat release event, and ignition delay/location and flame lift off length, respectively.
From the results becomes clear that the average ignition delay is comparable to that of HFO, albeit at a higher cycle-to-cycle variation. Notwithstanding a longer lift off length and more downstream ignition kernels, the overall results suggest that the proposed bio-blend is a feasible renewable alternative for HFO in terms of technical feasibility.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Feijen, J., Klink, G., Jong, E., Schmid, A. et al., "Spray Combustion Analysis of Humins," SAE Technical Paper 2017-24-0119, 2017, https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-24-0119.Data Sets - Support Documents
Title | Description | Download |
---|---|---|
Unnamed Dataset 1 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 2 | ||
Unnamed Dataset 3 |
Also In
References
- Psaraftis , H.N. and Kontovas , C.A. CO2 emission statistics for the world commercial fleet WMU J. Marit. Aff. 8 1 1 25 2009 10.1007/BF03195150
- Srivastava , R.K. , Jozewicz , W. , and Singer , C. SO2 scrubbing technologies: A review Environ. Prog. 20 4 219 228 2001 10.1002/ep.670200410
- Revised MARPOL ANNEX VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/environment/pollutionprevention/airpollution/pages/air-pollution.aspx 2010
- Rana , M.S. , Samano , V. , Ancheyta , J. , and Diaz , J.A.I. A review of recent advances on process technologies for upgrading of heavy oils and residua Fuel 86 9 SPEC. ISS. 1216 1231 2007 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.08.004
- Vasudevan , P.T. and Fierro , J.L.G. A Review of Deep Hydrodesulfurization Catalysis Catal. Rev. 38 2 161 188 1996 10.1080/01614949608006457
- Rang , H. , Kann , J. , and Oja , V. Advances in desulfurization research of liquid fuel Oil Shale 23 2 164 176 2006
- Song , C. and Ma , X. New design approaches to ultra-clean diesel fuels by deep desulfurization and deep dearomatization Appl. Catal. B Environ. 41 1-2 207 238 2003 10.1016/S0926-3373(02)00212-6
- Breysse , M. , Djega-Mariadassou , G. , Pessayre , S. , Geantet , C. , Vrinat , M. , Pérot , G. , and Lemaire , M. Deep desulfurization: reactions, catalysts and technological challenges Catal. Today 84 3-4 129 138 2003 10.1016/S0920-5861(03)00266-9
- Kulkarni , P.S. and Afonso , C.A.M. Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel using ionic liquids: current status and future challenges Green Chem. 12 7 1139 2010 10.1039/c002113j
- Andreasen , A. and Mayer , S. Use of seawater scrubbing for SO2 removal from marine engine exhaust gas Energy & Fuels 21 6 3274 3279 2007 10.1021/ef700359w
- Jiang , L. , Kronbak , J. , and Christensen , L. The costs and benefits of sulphur reduction measures: Sulphur scrubbers versus marine gas oil Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 28 19 27 2014
- Brynolf , S. , Fridell , E. , and Andersson , K. Environmental assessment of marine fuels: liquefied natural gas, liquefied biogas, methanol and bio-methanol J. Clean. Prod. 74 86 95 2014 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.052
- Low speed dual fuel engines http://www.wartsila.com/products/marine-oil-gas/engines-generating-sets/low-speed-dual-fuel-engines 2016
- me-gi-engines @ marine.man.eu http://marine.man.eu/two-stroke/2-stroke-engines/me-gi-engines May 2016
- Andersson; , K. and Salazar , C.M. Methanol as a marine fuel report http://www.methanol.org/getdoc/a9af8c29-e199-4854-b1c7-4e869991aaa7/FCBI-Methanol-Marine-Fuel-Report-Final.aspx May 2016
- Li , X. , Qiao , X. , Zhang , L. , Fang , J. et al. Combustion and emission characteristics of a two-stroke diesel engine operating on alcohol Renew. Energy 30 13 2075 2084 2005 10.1016/j.renene.2004.05.014
- Sadeghinezhad , E. , Kazi , S.N. , Sadeghinejad , F. , Badarudin , A. et al A comprehensive literature review of bio-fuel performance in internal combustion engine and relevant costs involvement Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 30 29 44 2014 10.1016/j.rser.2013.09.022
- Kalligeros , S. , Zannikos , F. , Stournas , S. , Lois , E. , and Al , E. An investigation of using biodiesel/marine diesel blends on the performance of a stationary diesel engine Biomass and Bioenergy 24 2 141 149 2002 10.1016/S0961-9534(02)00092-2
- Czernik , S. and Bridgwater , A.V. Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil Energy & Fuels 18 2 590 598 2004 10.1021/Ef034067u
- Oasmaa , A. and Czernik , S. Fuel oil quality of biomass pyrolysis oils-state of the art for the end users Fuel Energy Abstr. 13 4 914 921 2000 10.1016/S0140-6701(00)96592-5
- IEA Biofuels for Transport: an International Perspective OECD Paris http://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/All-2004-004 IEA biofuels report.pdf 2005
- Larson , E.D. A review of life-cycle analysis studies on liquid biofuel systems for the transport sector Energy Sustain. Dev. 10 2 109 126 2006 10.1016/S0973-0826(08)60536-0
- Naik , S. , Goud , V. , Rout , P. , and Dalai , A. Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review Renew. Sustain. 14 2 578 597 2010 10.1016/j.rser.2009.10.003
- Havlík , P. , Schneider , U. , Schmid , E. , and Böttcher , H. Global land-use implications of first and second generation biofuel targets Energy Policy 39 10 5690 5702 2011 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.030
- Damartzis , T. and Zabaniotou , A. Thermochemical conversion of biomass to second generation biofuels through integrated process design-A review Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15 1 366 378 2011 10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.003
- Second-generation biofuels and local bioenergy systems Biofuels, Bioprod. Biorefining 2 5 455 469 2008 10.1002/bbb.97
- Sims , R. , Mabee , W. , Saddler , J. , and Taylor , M. An overview of second generation biofuel technologies Bioresour. Technol. 101 6 1570 1580 2010 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.046
- Jong , E. De , Waal , J.C. Van Der , and Boot , M.D. Fuel Composition Comprising Humins WO2016130005 (A1) - 2016-08-18 Netherlands 2016
- Zandvoort , I. van Towards the Valorization of Humin By-products : Characterization, Solubilization and Catalysis 9789039362914 2015
- Sheldon , R.A. Green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals from biomass: state of the art Green Chem. 16 3 950 963 2014 10.1039/C3GC41935E
- Putten , R.J. Van , Waal , J.C. Van Der , Jong , E. De , Rasrendra , C.B. et al. Hydroxymethylfurfural, a versatile platform chemical made from renewable resources Chem. Rev. 113 3 1499 1597 2013 10.1021/cr300182k
- Putten , R.J. Van , Soetedjo , J.N.M. , Pidko , E.A. , Waal , J.C. Van Der et al. Dehydration of different ketoses and aldoses to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ChemSusChem 6 9 1681 1687 2013 10.1002/cssc.201300345
- Sustainable Packaging http://www.coca-colacompany.com/sustainabilityreport/world/sustainable-packaging.html#section-building-momentum-with-plantbottle-packaging May 2016
- PepsiCo Develops Worlds First 100 Percent Plant Based Renewably Sourced PET Bottle http://www.pepsico.com/live/pressrelease/PepsiCo-Develops-Worlds-First-100-Percent-Plant-Based-Renewably-Sourced-PET-Bott03152011 May 2016
- Kuster , B.F.M. The Inlfuence of Water Concentration on the Dehydration of d-Fructose Carbohydr. Res. 54 177 183 1977
- Kuster , B.F.M. and Tebbens , L.M. Analytical Procedures for Studying the Dehydration of D-Fructose Carbohydr. Res. 54 2 158 164 1977 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)84805-3
- Kuster , B.F.M. and Temmink , H.M.G. The influence of pH and weak-acid anions on the dehydration of d-fructose Carbohydr. Res. 54 2 185 191 1977 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)84808-9
- Kuster , B.F.M. and S. van der Baan , H. The Influence of the Initial and Catalyst Concentrations on the Dehydration of d-Fructose Carbohydr. Res. 54 165 176 1977
- Girisuta , B. , Danon , B. , Manurung , R. , Janssen , L.P.B.M. , and Al , E. Experimental and kinetic modelling studies on the acid-catalysed hydrolysis of the water hyacinth plant to levulinic acid Bioresour. Technol. 99 17 8367 8375 2008 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.02.045
- Girisuta , B. , Janssen , L.P.B.M. , and Heeres , H.J. A kinetic study on the decomposition of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into levulinic acid Green Chem. 8 8 701 2006 10.1039/b518176c
- Girisuta , B. , Janssen , L.P.B.M. , and Heeres , H.J. Kinetic study on the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose to levulinic acid Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46 6 1696 1708 2007 10.1021/ie061186z
- Constant , S. , Lancefield , C.S. , Weckhuysen , B.M. , and Bruijnincx , P.C.A. Quantification and Classification of Carbonyls in Industrial Humins and Lignins by 19F NMR ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5 1 965 972 2016 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02292
- Zandvoort , I. Van , Wang , Y. , Rasrendra , C.B. , Eck , E.R.H. Van , and Al , E. Formation, molecular structure, and morphology of humins in biomass conversion: Influence of feedstock and processing conditions ChemSusChem 6 9 1745 1758 2013 10.1002/cssc.201300332
- Zandvoort , I. Van , Eck , E.R.H. Van , Peinder , P. De , Heeres , H.J. , and Al , E. Full, reactive solubilization of humin byproducts by alkaline treatment and characterization of the alkali-treated humins formed ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 3 3 533 543 2015 10.1021/sc500772w
- Zandvoort , I. van , Koers , E.J. , Weingarth , M. , Bruijnincx , P.C.A. , and Al , E. Structural characterization of 13 C-enriched humins and alkali-treated 13 C humins by 2D solid-state NMR Green Chem. 17 4383 4392 2015 10.1039/C5GC00327J
- Wang , S. , Lin , H. , Zhao , Y. , Chen , J. , and Zhou , J. Structural characterization and pyrolysis behavior of humin by-products from the acid-catalyzed conversion of C6 and C5 carbohydrates J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2016 10.1016/j.jaap.2016.02.009
- Rasrendra , C.B. , Windt , M. , Wang , Y. , Adisasmito , S. et al. Experimental studies on the pyrolysis of humins from the acid-catalysed dehydration of C6-sugars J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 104 299 307 2013 10.1016/j.jaap.2013.07.003
- Tsilomelekis , G. , Orella , M.J. , Lin , Z. , Cheng , Z. et al. Molecular structure, morphology and growth mechanisms and rates of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) derived humins Green Chem. 2016 10.1039/C5GC01938A
- Pin , J.M. , Guigo , N. , Mija , A. , Vincent , L. et al. Valorization of biorefinery side-stream products: Combination of humins with polyfurfuryl alcohol for composite elaboration ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2 9 2182 2190 2014 10.1021/sc5003769
- Hoang , T.M.C. , Eck , E.R.H. van , Bula , W.P. , Gardeniers , J.G.E. , and Al , E. Humin based by-products from biomass processing as a potential carbonaceous source for synthesis gas production Green Chem. 17 2 959 972 2015 10.1039/C4gc01324g
- Hermann , K. , Rotz , B. von , Schulz , R. , Weisser , G. et al. Reference Data Generation of Spray Characteristics in Relation to Large 2-Stroke Marine Diesel Engines Using a Novel Spray Combustion Chamber Concept ILASS - 23rd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems 2010
- Herrmann , K. , Rotz , B. von , Schulz , R. , and Weisser , G. A‘ Spray Combustion Chamber’ Facility for Investigations in relation to Large 2-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Combustion System Optimization ISME October 17-21 Kobe, Japan 2011
- Herrmann , K. , Kyrtatos , A. , Schulz , R. , Weisser , G. , Von Rotz , B. , Schneider , B. , Boulouchos , K. Validation and Initial application of a novel spray combustion chamber representative of large two-stroke diesel engine combustion systems Proceedings of the 11th … 2009
- Hillamo , H. , Sarjovaara , T. , Vuorinen , V. , Larmi , M. et al. Diesel Spray Penetration and Velocity Measurements SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-2478 2008 10.4271/2008-01-2478
- Sarjovaara , T. , Hillamo , H. , Larmi , M. , and Olenius , T. Optical In-Cylinder Measurements of a Large-Bore Medium-Speed Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-2477 2008 10.4271/2008-01-2477
- Hult , J. , Matlok , S. , and Mayer , S. Optical Diagnostics of Fuel Injection and Ignition in a Marine Two-Stroke Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 7 3 1195 1206 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1448
- Hult , J. and Mayer , S. A methodology for laser diagnostics in large-bore marine two-stroke diesel engines Meas. Sci. Technol. 24 4 45204 2013 10.1088/0957-0233/24/4/045204
- Tsekenis , S.A. , Wilson , D. , Lengden , M. , and Hyvönen , J. Towards in-cylinder chemical species tomography on large-bore IC engines with pre-chamber Flow Meas. Instrum. 2016 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2016.04.006
- Schmid , A. , Rotz , B. Von , and Bombach , R. Ignition Behaviour of Marine Diesel Sprays COMODIA 2012
- Schmid , A. , Von Rotz , B. , Weisser , G. , and Herrmann , K. Ignition Behaviour of Marine Diesel Fuels under Engine Like Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2656 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2656
- Schneider , B. Experimentelle Untersuchung zur Spraystruktur in transienten, verdampfenden und nicht verdampfenden Brennstoffstrahlen unter Hochdruck ETH Zürich
- Higgins , B. and Siebers , D. Measurement of the Flame Lift-Off Location on DI Diesel Sprays Using OH Chemiluminescence SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0918 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0918
- Channiwala , S.A. and Parikh , P.P. A unified correlation for estimating HHV of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels Fuel 81 8 1051 1063 2002 10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00131-4
- Huffman , G.P. , Huggins , F.E. , Shah , N. , Huggins , R. , Linak , W.P. , Miller , C.A. , Pugmire , R.J. , Meuzelaar , H.L.C. , Seehra , M.S. , and Manivannan , A. Characterization of fine particulate matter produced by combustion of residual fuel oil J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 50 7 1106 1114 2000 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464157
- Kontoulis , P. , Kazangas , D. , and Kaiktsis , L. A new model for marine Heavy Fuel Oil thermophysical properties: validation in a constant volume spray chamber 25th European Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems 2013
- Lomba , L. , Lafuente , C. , García-Mardones , M. , Gascón , I. , and Giner , B. Thermophysical study of methyl levulinate J. Chem. Thermodyn. 65 34 41 2013 10.1016/j.jct.2013.05.025
- Zeelenberg , A. The ignition performance of fuel oils in marine diesel engines Moteurs diesel. Congrès 1983
- Brandt , H. and Zeelenberg , A. Quality of residual fuels in relation to fuel constitution 10th Anniversary of the Dutch National CIMAC 1988
- Oasmaa , A. , Elliott , D.C. , and Korhonen , J. Acidity of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils Energy & Fuels 24 12 6548 6554 2010 10.1021/ef100935r
- Park , S.H. , Kim , H.J. , Suh , H.K. , and Lee , C.S. Experimental and numerical analysis of spray-atomization characteristics of biodiesel fuel in various fuel and ambient temperatures conditions Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow 30 5 960 970 2009 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2009.04.003
- Payri , R. , Viera , J. , Pei , Y. , and Som , S. Experimental and numerical study of lift-off length and ignition delay of a two-component diesel surrogate Fuel 2015