This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
MMT Effects on Gasoline Vehicles: A Literature Review
Journal Article
2016-01-9073
ISSN: 1946-3952, e-ISSN: 1946-3960
Sector:
Topic:
Citation:
Hoekman, S. and Broch, A., "MMT Effects on Gasoline Vehicles: A Literature Review," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9(1):322-343, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-9073.
Language:
English
References
- Health and Welfare Canada Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT): An assessment of the human health implications of its use as a gasoline additive. Environmental Health Directorate 1978
- Brown , J. E. and Lovell , W. G. A new manganese antiknock Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 50 1547 1552 1958
- Ter Haar , G. L. , Griffing , M. E. , Brandt , M. , Oberding , D. G. , and Kapron , M. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl as an anti-knock: composition and fate of manganese exhasut products J.Air Pollution Control Assoc. 25 858 860 1975
- Broch , A. and Hoekman , S. K. Effects of Organometallic Additives on Gasoline Vehicles: Analysis of Existing Literature CRC Report No. E-114 Coordinating Research Council 2015
- Gibbs , L. Gasoline Additives - When and Why SAE Technical Paper 902104 1990 10.4271/902104
- Oudijk , G. The Rise and Fall of Organometallic Additives in Automotive Gasoline Environmental Forensics 11 1-2 17 49 2010
- Stout , S. A. , Douglas , G. S. , and Uhler , A. D. Automotive gasoline Environmental Forensics Conataminant Specific Guide 464 531 Academic Press 2006
- Wallace , L. and Slonecker , T. Ambient air concentrations of fine (PM2.5) manganese in US national parks and in California and Canadian cities: The possible impact of adding MMT to unleaded gasoline Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 47 6 642 652 1997
- Davis , J. M. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl: Health risk uncertainties and research directions Environmental Health Perspectives 106 191 201 1998
- Lyznicki , J. M. , Karlan , M. S. , and Khan , M. K. Manganese in gasoline Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41 3 140 143 1999
- Geivanidis , S. , Pistikopoulos , P. , and Samaras , Z. Effect on exhaust emissions by the use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) fuel additive and other lead replacement gasolines Science of the Total Environment 305 1-3 129 141 2003
- Minjares , R. J. and Walsh , M. Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT): A Science and Policy Review International Council on Clean Transportation 2009
- Lyons , J. M. Impacts of MMT Use in Unleaded Gasoline on Engines, Emission Control Systems, and Emissions Sierra Research, Inc. 2008
- Davis , J. M. , Jarabek , A. M. , Mage , D. T. , and Graham , J. A. The EPA health risk assessment of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) Risk Analysis 18 1 57 70 1998
- Wood , G. and Egyed , M. Risk Assessment for the Combustion Products of Methylcyclopentadienyl Managanese Tricarbonyl (MMT) in Gasoline Health Canada -Environmental Health Directorate 1994
- Zayed , J. Use of MMT in Canadian gasoline: Health and environment issues American Journal of Industrial Medicine 39 4 426 433 2001
- Walsh , M. P. The global experience with lead in gasoline and the lessons we should apply to the use of MMT American Journal of Industrial Medicine 50 11 853 860 2007
- ACEA Position on Metal Based Fuel Additives 1 25 ACEA 2009
- Loranger , S. and Zayed , J. Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Manganese - A Multimedia Assessment International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 67 2 101 110 1995
- Zayed , J. , Vyskocil , A. , and Kennedy , G. Environmental contamination and human exposure to manganese -contribution of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in unleaded gasoline International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 72 1 7 13 1999
- Abbott , P. J. Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (Mmt) in Petrol - the Toxicological Issues Science of the Total Environment 67 2-3 247 255 1987
- Dobson , A. W. , Erikson , K. M. , and Aschner , M. Manganese neurotoxicity Redox-Active Metals in Neurological Disorders 1012 115 128 2004
- Gerber , G. B. , Leonard , A. , and Hantson , P. Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of manganese compounds Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology 42 1 25 34 2002
- Zayed , J. , Gerin , M. , Loranger , S. , Sierra , P. , Begin , D. , and Kennedy , G. Occupational and Environmental Exposure of Garage Workers and Taxi Drivers to Airborne Manganese Arising from the Use of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl in Unleaded Gasoline American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 55 1 53 58 1994
- Frumkin , H. and Solomon , G. Manganese in the U.S. gasoline supply American Journal of Industrial Medicine 31 1 107 115 1997
- Colmenares , C. , Deutch , S. , Evans , C. , Nelson , A. J. , Terminello , L. J. , Reynolds , J. G. , Roos , J. W. , and Smith , I. L. Analysis of Manganese Particulates from Automotive Decomposition of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl Applied Surface Science 151 189 202 1999
- Cooper , W. C. The Health Implications of Increased Manganese in the Environment Resulting from the Combustion of Fuel Additives - A Review of the Literature Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 14 1 23 46 1984
- Afton Chemical Corporation A Report on the Results of Alternative Tier 2 Testing for the Characterization of Particulate from Vehicles Using the Gasoline Additive MMT(R) in the Fuel. Final Report Submitted to the U.S.EPA. Docket: EPA-HQ-OAR-0074-0164 2006
- Ardeleanu , A. , Loranger , S. , Kennedy , G. , L’Esperance , G. , and Zayed , J. Emission rates and physico-chemical characteristics of Mn particles emitted by vehicles using methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) as an octane improver Water Air and Soil Pollution 115 1-4 411 427 1999
- Zayed , J. , Hong , B. , and L’Esperance , G. Characterization of manganese-containing particles collected from the exhaust emissions of automobiles running with MMT additive Environmental Science & Technology 33 19 3341 3346 1999
- Molders , N. , Schilling , P. J. , Wong , J. , Roos , J. W. , and Smith , I. L. X-ray fluorescence mapping and micro-XANES spectroscopic characterization of exhaust particulates emitted from auto engines burning MMT-Added gasoline Environmental Science & Technology 35 15 3122 3129 2001
- Systems Applications International Analysis of EPA Manganese Emission Testing Data. Appendix 11 of the July 12th, 1991 waiver application by Ethyl Corp. to the U.S. EPA 1991
- Ethyl Corp. An Emission Study of HiTEC 3000 Performance Additive: The Manganese Balance Project. Appendix 12 of July 12th, 1991 waiver application to the U.S. EPA 1991
- Lynam , D. R. , Pfeifer , G. D. , Fort , B. F. , Terhaar , G. L. , and Hollrah , D. P. Atmospheric Exposure to Manganese from Use of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) Performance Additive Science of the Total Environment 147 103 109 1994
- Lenane , D. L. , Fort , B. F. , Ter Haar , G. L. , Lynam , D. R. , and Pfeifer , G. D. Emission Results from a 48-car Test Evaluation of MMT Performance Additive Science of the Total Environment 146/147 245 251 1994
- Hammerle , R. , Korniski , T. , Weir , J. , Chladek , E. et al. Effect of Mileage Accumulation on Particulate Emissions from Vehicles Using Gasoline with Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl SAE Technical Paper 920731 1992 10.4271/920731
- Roos , J. W. , Lynam , D. R. , Smith , I. L. , Pfeifer , G. D. , and Reynolds , J. G. Characterization of Combustion Products from the Fuel Additive MMT AWMA 93rd Annual Conference and Exhibition 2000
- Hurley , R. G. , Hansen , L. A. , Guttridge , D. L. , Gandhi , H. S. , Hammerle , R. H. , and Matzo , A. D. The Effect of Mileage on Emissions and Emission Component Durability by the Fuel Additive Methylcyclopentadiencyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) SAE International , 920730 1992
- Lyons , J. M. Impacts Associated with the Use of MMT as an Octane Enhancing Additive in Unleaded Gasolines - A Critical Review SR02-07-01 Sierra Research Inc. 2002
- Brault , N. , Loranger , S. , Courchesne , F. , Kennedy , G. , and Zayed , J. Bioaccumulation of Manganese by Plants - Influence of MMT As A Gasoline Additive Science of the Total Environment 153 1-2 77 84 1994
- Loranger , S. , Tetrault , M. , Kennedy , G. , and Zayed , J. Manganese and other trace elements in urban snow near an expressway Environmental Pollution 92 2 203 211 1996
- Bhuie , A. K. , McLaughlin , D. , and Roy , D. N. Exposure of urban ecosystems to Mn and Pb contaminants from gasoline additives beside a major highway in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada Forestry Chronicle 76 2 251 258 2000
- Bhuie , A. K. and Roy , D. N. Deposition of Mn from automotive combustion of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl beside the major highways in the greater Toronto area, Canada Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51 9 1288 1301 2001
- Bhuie , A. K. , Ogunseitan , O. A. , White , R. R. , Sain , M. , and Roy , D. N. Modeling the environmental fate of manganese from methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in urban landscapes Science of the Total Environment 339 1-3 167 178 2005
- Loranger , S. and Zayed , J. Manganese and Lead Concentrations in Ambient Air and Emission Rates from Unleaded and Leaded Gasoline Between 1981 and 1992 in Canada - A Comparative-Study Atmospheric Environment 28 9 1645 1651 1994
- Loranger , S. , Zayed , J. , and Forget , E. Manganese Contamination in Montreal in Relation with Traffic Density Water Air and Soil Pollution 74 3-4 385 396 1994
- Loranger , S. and Zayed , J. Environmental contamination and human exposure to airborne total and respirable manganese in montreal Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 47 9 983 989 1997
- Bankovitch , V. , Carrier , G. , Gagnon , C. , Normandin , L. , Kennedy , G. , and Zayed , J. Total suspended particulate manganese in ambient air in Montreal 1981-2000 Science of the Total Environment 308 1-3 185 193 2003
- Boudia , N. , Halley , R. , Kennedy , G. , Lambert , J. , Gareau , L. , and Zayed , J. Manganese concentrations in the air of the Montreal (Canada) subway in relation to surface automobile traffic density Science of the Total Environment 366 1 143 147 2006
- Joly , A. , Lambert , J. , Gagnon , C. , Kennedy , G. , Mergler , D. , Adam-Poupart , A. , and Zayed , J. Reduced Atmospheric Manganese in Montreal Following Removal of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) Water Air and Soil Pollution 219 1-4 263 270 2011
- Cohen , D. D. , Gulson , B. L. , Davis , J. M. , Stelcer , E. , Garton , D. , Hawas , O. , and Taylor , A. Fine-particle Mn and other metals linked to the introduction of MMT into gasoline in Sydney, Australia: Results of a natural experiment Atmospheric Environment 39 36 6885 6896 2005
- Pellizzari , E. D. , Clayton , C. A. , Rodes , C. E. , Mason , R. E. , Piper , L. L. , Fort , B. , Pfeifer , G. , and Lynam , D. Particulate matter and manganese exposures in Toronto, Canada Atmospheric Environment 33 5 721 734 1999
- Clayton , C. A. , Pellizzari , E. D. , Rodes , C. E. , Mason , R. E. , Piper , L. L. Estimating distributions of long-term particulate matter and manganese exposures for residents of Toronto, Canada Atmospheric Environment 33 16 2515 2526 1999
- Crump , K. S. Manganese exposures in Toronto during use of the gasoline additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 10 3 227 239 2000
- Pellizzari , E. D. , Clayton , C. A. , Rodes , C. E. , Mason , R. E. , Piper , L. L. , Fort , B. , Pfeifer , G. , and Lynam , D. Particulate matter and manganese exposures in Indianapolis, Indiana Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11 6 423 440 2001
- Gulson , B. , Mizon , K. , Taylor , A. , Korsch , M. , Stauber , J. , Davis , J. M. , Louie , H. , Wu , M. , and Swan , H. Changes in manganese and lead in the environment and young children associated with the introduction of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in gasoline - preliminary results Environmental Research 100 1 100 114 2006
- Egyed , M. and Wood , G. C. Risk assessment for combustion products of the gasoline additive MMT in Canada Science of the Total Environment 189 11 20 1996
- Manufacturers of Emissions Controls Association LEV III and Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Control Technologies for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles MECA White Paper 2013
- U.S.EPA Regulatory Impact Analysis- Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements EPA420-R-99-023 1999
- Coordinating Research Council CRC MMT Field Test Program CRC Report No. 503 1979
- Ethyl Corp. 1991 Waiver Application for MMT(R): EPA Air Docket A-91-46 1991
- Ethyl Corp. 1990 Waiver Application for MMT(R): EPA Air Docket A-90-16 1990
- Roos , J. , Lenane , D. , Dykes , K. , Scull , H. et al. A Systems Approach to Improved Exhaust Catalyst Durability: The Role of the MMT Fuel Additive SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1880 2000 10.4271/2000-01-1880
- Wallace , J. and Garbe , R. Effects of MMT on Exhaust Emissions SAE Technical Paper 790707 1979 10.4271/790707
- Hubbard , C. , Hepburn , J. , and Gandhi , H. The Effect of MMT on the OBD-11 Catalyst Efficiency Monitor SAE Technical Paper 932855 1993 10.4271/932855
- Duncan , J. and Braddock , J. Combustor Study of the Deactivation of a Three-Way Catalyst by Lead and Manganese SAE Technical Paper 841408 1984 10.4271/841408
- Hurley , R. , Watkins , W. , and Griffis , R. Characterization of Automotive Catalysts Exposed to the Fuel Additive MMT SAE Technical Paper 890582 1989 10.4271/890582
- Benson , J. Manganese Fuel Additive (MMT) Can Cause Vehicle Problems SAE Technical Paper 770655 1977 10.4271/770655
- Faix , L. A Study of the Effects of Manganese Fuel Additive on Automotive Emissions SAE Technical Paper 780002 1978 10.4271/780002
- Lenane , D. Effect of MMT on Emissions from Production Cars SAE Technical Paper 780003 1978 10.4271/780003
- Faggan , J. , Bailie , J. , Desmond , E. , and Lenane , D. An Evaluation of Manganese as an Antiknock in Unleaded Gasoline SAE Technical Paper 750925 1975 10.4271/750925
- Furey , R. and Summers , J. How MMT Causes Plugging of Monolithic Converters SAE Technical Paper 780004 1978 10.4271/780004
- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers The Impact of MMT on Vehicle Emissions and Durability- Part 1: A Joint Study by the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the Association of International Automobile Manufacturers, and The Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers Association MMT Program Part 1 Report 2002
- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers The Impact of MMT on Vehicle Emissions and Durability- Part 2 (LEV Fleet): A Joint Study by the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the Association of International Automobile Manufacturers, and The Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers Association MMT Program Part 2 Report 2002
- Benson , J. and Dana , G. The Impact of MMT Gasoline Additive on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Low Emission Vehicles (LEV) SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2894 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2894
- McCabe , R. , DiCicco , D. , Guo , G. , and Hubbard , C. Effects of MMT® Fuel Additive on Emission System Components: Comparison of Clear- and MMT®-fueled Escort Vehicles from the Alliance Study SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1084 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1084
- Roos , J. , Hollrah , D. , Guinther , G. , and Cunningham , L. A Peer-Reviewed Critical Analysis of SAE Paper 2002-01-2894 “The Impact of MMT Gasoline Additive on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Low Emission Vehicles (LEV),” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2903 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2903
- Ethyl Corp. A Critical Analysis of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers’ MMT Study: Separating Fact from Fiction 2003
- Environ International Corporation AAM Study Statistical Analysis Prepared for Ethyl Corporation 2003
- Cunningham , L. , Hollrah , D. , Newkirk , M. , Roos , J. et al. AAM/AIAM Fleet Test Program: Analysis and Comments SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3287 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3287
- Shimizu , C. and Ohtaka , Y. Parametric Analysis of Catalytic Converter Plugging Caused by Manganese-Based Gasoline Additives SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1070 2007 10.4271/2007-01-1070
- Aradi , A. , Roos , J. , Fort , B. , Lee , T. et al. The Physical and Chemical Effect of Manganese Oxides on Automobile Catalytic Converters SAE Technical Paper 940747 1994 10.4271/940747
- Schindler , K. P. Impact of MMT on Vehicle Emission Performance Asian Vehicle Emission Control Conference (AVECC 2004) 2004
- D’Aniello , M. Adverse Effects of MMT-Doped Fuel on 2002-3 MY LL8 GMT360/370 General Motors Research 2006
- Roos , J. , Meffert , M. , Cunningham , L. , Hotchkiss , A. et al. A Survey of American and Canadian Consumer Experience - The Performance of Late Model Year Vehicles Operating on Gasoline With and Without the Gasoline Fuel Additive MMT® SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3405 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3405
- Meffert , M. , Quinn , T. , Guinther , G. , Hollrah , D. Evaluation of Factors Affecting Vehicle Emission Compliance Using Regional Inspection and Maintenance Program Data SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3406 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3406
- Afton Chemical Corporation Seeking Local Solutions to Global Challenges: HiTEC(R)3000 (mmt(R)) Fuel Additive as an Option for Optimizing Global Energy Supply 2014
- European Commission Protocol for the Evaluation of Effects of Metallic Fuel-Additives on the Emissions Performance of Vehicles 2013
- Richter , H. Influence of Ash-Forming Gasoline Additives such as MMT(R) on Exhaust Emissions and Performance Characteristics of PC-Engines 2004
- Afton Chemical Corporation Response to a New Automobile Industry-Sponosored Test of the Effects of MMT(R) in Vehicles Designed to Meet EURO IV Emission Standards 2005
- Cunningham , L. , Newkirk , M. , Roos , J. , Meffert , M. et al. Assessing High-Cell Density Catalyst Durability with MMT® Fuel Additive in Severe Driving Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3840 2005 10.4271/2005-01-3840
- Zhang Yan , Cui Ping , Ding Yan , Shang Qi , Xiong Chun-hua , Zhang Hai-yan , Zhang Dan , and Tang , Da-gang Emissions Effects of MMT for Light-Duty Vehicles Research of Environmental Sciences 19 5 2006
- Lohfink , C. , Wiese , D. , and Reiser , W. Influence of Metal-Based Additives in Gasoline Fuel on the Exhaust Gas Emission System Components Over Useful Life Period Using the Example of Manganese-Containing Additive SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1380 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1380
- Afton Chemical Corporation A Critical Review of the SAE Paper Titled "Influence of Metal-Based Additives in Gasoline Fuel on the Exhaust Gas Emission System Components Over Useful Life Period Using the Example of Manganese-Containing Additive (SAE 2014-01-1380 ) 2014
- Afton Chemical Corporation Evaluation of the Compatibility of Gasoline Containing the MMT (R) Fuel Additive in U.S. Tier 2 Vehicles 2012
- Afton Chemical Corporation Evalutation of the Impact of Gasoline Containing the MMT (R) Fuel Additive on Particulate Matter Emissions in Vehicles Designed to Meet Euro 5 Emission Standards and Implications for the New U.S. Tier 3 PM Emission Standards 2014
- Lynam , D. R. , Roos , J. W. , Pfeifer , G. D. , Fort , B. F. , and Pullin , T. G. Environmental effects and exposures to manganese from use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline Neurotoxicology 20 2-3 145 150 1999
- Roos , J. , Cunningham , L. , and Meffert , M. The Interaction of MMT® Combustion Products with the Exhaust Catalyst Face SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1078 2007 10.4271/2007-01-1078
- Gidney , J. T. , Twigg , M. V. , and Kittleson , D. B. Effect of Organometallic Fuel Additives on Nanoparticle Emissions from a Gasoline Passenger Car Environmental Science & Technology 44 7 2562 2569 2010
- Cunningham , L. J. , Shao , H. , and Meffert , M. W. In-Use Emissions Compliance of 2005 and 2006 Model Year Taxis in Beijing, China 18th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop San Diego 2008