This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.

MMT Effects on Gasoline Vehicles: A Literature Review

Journal Article
2016-01-9073
ISSN: 1946-3952, e-ISSN: 1946-3960
Published March 14, 2016 by SAE International in United States
MMT Effects on Gasoline Vehicles: A Literature Review
Sector:
Citation: Hoekman, S. and Broch, A., "MMT Effects on Gasoline Vehicles: A Literature Review," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 9(1):322-343, 2016, https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-9073.
Language: English

References

  1. Health and Welfare Canada Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT): An assessment of the human health implications of its use as a gasoline additive. Environmental Health Directorate 1978
  2. Brown , J. E. and Lovell , W. G. A new manganese antiknock Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 50 1547 1552 1958
  3. Ter Haar , G. L. , Griffing , M. E. , Brandt , M. , Oberding , D. G. , and Kapron , M. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl as an anti-knock: composition and fate of manganese exhasut products J.Air Pollution Control Assoc. 25 858 860 1975
  4. Broch , A. and Hoekman , S. K. Effects of Organometallic Additives on Gasoline Vehicles: Analysis of Existing Literature CRC Report No. E-114 Coordinating Research Council 2015
  5. Gibbs , L. Gasoline Additives - When and Why SAE Technical Paper 902104 1990 10.4271/902104
  6. Oudijk , G. The Rise and Fall of Organometallic Additives in Automotive Gasoline Environmental Forensics 11 1-2 17 49 2010
  7. Stout , S. A. , Douglas , G. S. , and Uhler , A. D. Automotive gasoline Environmental Forensics Conataminant Specific Guide 464 531 Academic Press 2006
  8. Wallace , L. and Slonecker , T. Ambient air concentrations of fine (PM2.5) manganese in US national parks and in California and Canadian cities: The possible impact of adding MMT to unleaded gasoline Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 47 6 642 652 1997
  9. Davis , J. M. Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl: Health risk uncertainties and research directions Environmental Health Perspectives 106 191 201 1998
  10. Lyznicki , J. M. , Karlan , M. S. , and Khan , M. K. Manganese in gasoline Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41 3 140 143 1999
  11. Geivanidis , S. , Pistikopoulos , P. , and Samaras , Z. Effect on exhaust emissions by the use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) fuel additive and other lead replacement gasolines Science of the Total Environment 305 1-3 129 141 2003
  12. Minjares , R. J. and Walsh , M. Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT): A Science and Policy Review International Council on Clean Transportation 2009
  13. Lyons , J. M. Impacts of MMT Use in Unleaded Gasoline on Engines, Emission Control Systems, and Emissions Sierra Research, Inc. 2008
  14. Davis , J. M. , Jarabek , A. M. , Mage , D. T. , and Graham , J. A. The EPA health risk assessment of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) Risk Analysis 18 1 57 70 1998
  15. Wood , G. and Egyed , M. Risk Assessment for the Combustion Products of Methylcyclopentadienyl Managanese Tricarbonyl (MMT) in Gasoline Health Canada -Environmental Health Directorate 1994
  16. Zayed , J. Use of MMT in Canadian gasoline: Health and environment issues American Journal of Industrial Medicine 39 4 426 433 2001
  17. Walsh , M. P. The global experience with lead in gasoline and the lessons we should apply to the use of MMT American Journal of Industrial Medicine 50 11 853 860 2007
  18. ACEA Position on Metal Based Fuel Additives 1 25 ACEA 2009
  19. Loranger , S. and Zayed , J. Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Manganese - A Multimedia Assessment International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 67 2 101 110 1995
  20. Zayed , J. , Vyskocil , A. , and Kennedy , G. Environmental contamination and human exposure to manganese -contribution of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in unleaded gasoline International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 72 1 7 13 1999
  21. Abbott , P. J. Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (Mmt) in Petrol - the Toxicological Issues Science of the Total Environment 67 2-3 247 255 1987
  22. Dobson , A. W. , Erikson , K. M. , and Aschner , M. Manganese neurotoxicity Redox-Active Metals in Neurological Disorders 1012 115 128 2004
  23. Gerber , G. B. , Leonard , A. , and Hantson , P. Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity of manganese compounds Critical Reviews in Oncology Hematology 42 1 25 34 2002
  24. Zayed , J. , Gerin , M. , Loranger , S. , Sierra , P. , Begin , D. , and Kennedy , G. Occupational and Environmental Exposure of Garage Workers and Taxi Drivers to Airborne Manganese Arising from the Use of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl in Unleaded Gasoline American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 55 1 53 58 1994
  25. Frumkin , H. and Solomon , G. Manganese in the U.S. gasoline supply American Journal of Industrial Medicine 31 1 107 115 1997
  26. Colmenares , C. , Deutch , S. , Evans , C. , Nelson , A. J. , Terminello , L. J. , Reynolds , J. G. , Roos , J. W. , and Smith , I. L. Analysis of Manganese Particulates from Automotive Decomposition of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl Applied Surface Science 151 189 202 1999
  27. Cooper , W. C. The Health Implications of Increased Manganese in the Environment Resulting from the Combustion of Fuel Additives - A Review of the Literature Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 14 1 23 46 1984
  28. Afton Chemical Corporation A Report on the Results of Alternative Tier 2 Testing for the Characterization of Particulate from Vehicles Using the Gasoline Additive MMT(R) in the Fuel. Final Report Submitted to the U.S.EPA. Docket: EPA-HQ-OAR-0074-0164 2006
  29. Ardeleanu , A. , Loranger , S. , Kennedy , G. , L’Esperance , G. , and Zayed , J. Emission rates and physico-chemical characteristics of Mn particles emitted by vehicles using methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) as an octane improver Water Air and Soil Pollution 115 1-4 411 427 1999
  30. Zayed , J. , Hong , B. , and L’Esperance , G. Characterization of manganese-containing particles collected from the exhaust emissions of automobiles running with MMT additive Environmental Science & Technology 33 19 3341 3346 1999
  31. Molders , N. , Schilling , P. J. , Wong , J. , Roos , J. W. , and Smith , I. L. X-ray fluorescence mapping and micro-XANES spectroscopic characterization of exhaust particulates emitted from auto engines burning MMT-Added gasoline Environmental Science & Technology 35 15 3122 3129 2001
  32. Systems Applications International Analysis of EPA Manganese Emission Testing Data. Appendix 11 of the July 12th, 1991 waiver application by Ethyl Corp. to the U.S. EPA 1991
  33. Ethyl Corp. An Emission Study of HiTEC 3000 Performance Additive: The Manganese Balance Project. Appendix 12 of July 12th, 1991 waiver application to the U.S. EPA 1991
  34. Lynam , D. R. , Pfeifer , G. D. , Fort , B. F. , Terhaar , G. L. , and Hollrah , D. P. Atmospheric Exposure to Manganese from Use of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) Performance Additive Science of the Total Environment 147 103 109 1994
  35. Lenane , D. L. , Fort , B. F. , Ter Haar , G. L. , Lynam , D. R. , and Pfeifer , G. D. Emission Results from a 48-car Test Evaluation of MMT Performance Additive Science of the Total Environment 146/147 245 251 1994
  36. Hammerle , R. , Korniski , T. , Weir , J. , Chladek , E. et al. Effect of Mileage Accumulation on Particulate Emissions from Vehicles Using Gasoline with Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl SAE Technical Paper 920731 1992 10.4271/920731
  37. Roos , J. W. , Lynam , D. R. , Smith , I. L. , Pfeifer , G. D. , and Reynolds , J. G. Characterization of Combustion Products from the Fuel Additive MMT AWMA 93rd Annual Conference and Exhibition 2000
  38. Hurley , R. G. , Hansen , L. A. , Guttridge , D. L. , Gandhi , H. S. , Hammerle , R. H. , and Matzo , A. D. The Effect of Mileage on Emissions and Emission Component Durability by the Fuel Additive Methylcyclopentadiencyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) SAE International , 920730 1992
  39. Lyons , J. M. Impacts Associated with the Use of MMT as an Octane Enhancing Additive in Unleaded Gasolines - A Critical Review SR02-07-01 Sierra Research Inc. 2002
  40. Brault , N. , Loranger , S. , Courchesne , F. , Kennedy , G. , and Zayed , J. Bioaccumulation of Manganese by Plants - Influence of MMT As A Gasoline Additive Science of the Total Environment 153 1-2 77 84 1994
  41. Loranger , S. , Tetrault , M. , Kennedy , G. , and Zayed , J. Manganese and other trace elements in urban snow near an expressway Environmental Pollution 92 2 203 211 1996
  42. Bhuie , A. K. , McLaughlin , D. , and Roy , D. N. Exposure of urban ecosystems to Mn and Pb contaminants from gasoline additives beside a major highway in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada Forestry Chronicle 76 2 251 258 2000
  43. Bhuie , A. K. and Roy , D. N. Deposition of Mn from automotive combustion of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl beside the major highways in the greater Toronto area, Canada Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51 9 1288 1301 2001
  44. Bhuie , A. K. , Ogunseitan , O. A. , White , R. R. , Sain , M. , and Roy , D. N. Modeling the environmental fate of manganese from methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in urban landscapes Science of the Total Environment 339 1-3 167 178 2005
  45. Loranger , S. and Zayed , J. Manganese and Lead Concentrations in Ambient Air and Emission Rates from Unleaded and Leaded Gasoline Between 1981 and 1992 in Canada - A Comparative-Study Atmospheric Environment 28 9 1645 1651 1994
  46. Loranger , S. , Zayed , J. , and Forget , E. Manganese Contamination in Montreal in Relation with Traffic Density Water Air and Soil Pollution 74 3-4 385 396 1994
  47. Loranger , S. and Zayed , J. Environmental contamination and human exposure to airborne total and respirable manganese in montreal Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 47 9 983 989 1997
  48. Bankovitch , V. , Carrier , G. , Gagnon , C. , Normandin , L. , Kennedy , G. , and Zayed , J. Total suspended particulate manganese in ambient air in Montreal 1981-2000 Science of the Total Environment 308 1-3 185 193 2003
  49. Boudia , N. , Halley , R. , Kennedy , G. , Lambert , J. , Gareau , L. , and Zayed , J. Manganese concentrations in the air of the Montreal (Canada) subway in relation to surface automobile traffic density Science of the Total Environment 366 1 143 147 2006
  50. Joly , A. , Lambert , J. , Gagnon , C. , Kennedy , G. , Mergler , D. , Adam-Poupart , A. , and Zayed , J. Reduced Atmospheric Manganese in Montreal Following Removal of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) Water Air and Soil Pollution 219 1-4 263 270 2011
  51. Cohen , D. D. , Gulson , B. L. , Davis , J. M. , Stelcer , E. , Garton , D. , Hawas , O. , and Taylor , A. Fine-particle Mn and other metals linked to the introduction of MMT into gasoline in Sydney, Australia: Results of a natural experiment Atmospheric Environment 39 36 6885 6896 2005
  52. Pellizzari , E. D. , Clayton , C. A. , Rodes , C. E. , Mason , R. E. , Piper , L. L. , Fort , B. , Pfeifer , G. , and Lynam , D. Particulate matter and manganese exposures in Toronto, Canada Atmospheric Environment 33 5 721 734 1999
  53. Clayton , C. A. , Pellizzari , E. D. , Rodes , C. E. , Mason , R. E. , Piper , L. L. Estimating distributions of long-term particulate matter and manganese exposures for residents of Toronto, Canada Atmospheric Environment 33 16 2515 2526 1999
  54. Crump , K. S. Manganese exposures in Toronto during use of the gasoline additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 10 3 227 239 2000
  55. Pellizzari , E. D. , Clayton , C. A. , Rodes , C. E. , Mason , R. E. , Piper , L. L. , Fort , B. , Pfeifer , G. , and Lynam , D. Particulate matter and manganese exposures in Indianapolis, Indiana Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11 6 423 440 2001
  56. Gulson , B. , Mizon , K. , Taylor , A. , Korsch , M. , Stauber , J. , Davis , J. M. , Louie , H. , Wu , M. , and Swan , H. Changes in manganese and lead in the environment and young children associated with the introduction of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl in gasoline - preliminary results Environmental Research 100 1 100 114 2006
  57. Egyed , M. and Wood , G. C. Risk assessment for combustion products of the gasoline additive MMT in Canada Science of the Total Environment 189 11 20 1996
  58. Manufacturers of Emissions Controls Association LEV III and Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Control Technologies for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles MECA White Paper 2013
  59. U.S.EPA Regulatory Impact Analysis- Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles: Tier 2 Motor Vehicle Emissions Standards and Gasoline Sulfur Control Requirements EPA420-R-99-023 1999
  60. Coordinating Research Council CRC MMT Field Test Program CRC Report No. 503 1979
  61. Ethyl Corp. 1991 Waiver Application for MMT(R): EPA Air Docket A-91-46 1991
  62. Ethyl Corp. 1990 Waiver Application for MMT(R): EPA Air Docket A-90-16 1990
  63. Roos , J. , Lenane , D. , Dykes , K. , Scull , H. et al. A Systems Approach to Improved Exhaust Catalyst Durability: The Role of the MMT Fuel Additive SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1880 2000 10.4271/2000-01-1880
  64. Wallace , J. and Garbe , R. Effects of MMT on Exhaust Emissions SAE Technical Paper 790707 1979 10.4271/790707
  65. Hubbard , C. , Hepburn , J. , and Gandhi , H. The Effect of MMT on the OBD-11 Catalyst Efficiency Monitor SAE Technical Paper 932855 1993 10.4271/932855
  66. Duncan , J. and Braddock , J. Combustor Study of the Deactivation of a Three-Way Catalyst by Lead and Manganese SAE Technical Paper 841408 1984 10.4271/841408
  67. Hurley , R. , Watkins , W. , and Griffis , R. Characterization of Automotive Catalysts Exposed to the Fuel Additive MMT SAE Technical Paper 890582 1989 10.4271/890582
  68. Benson , J. Manganese Fuel Additive (MMT) Can Cause Vehicle Problems SAE Technical Paper 770655 1977 10.4271/770655
  69. Faix , L. A Study of the Effects of Manganese Fuel Additive on Automotive Emissions SAE Technical Paper 780002 1978 10.4271/780002
  70. Lenane , D. Effect of MMT on Emissions from Production Cars SAE Technical Paper 780003 1978 10.4271/780003
  71. Faggan , J. , Bailie , J. , Desmond , E. , and Lenane , D. An Evaluation of Manganese as an Antiknock in Unleaded Gasoline SAE Technical Paper 750925 1975 10.4271/750925
  72. Furey , R. and Summers , J. How MMT Causes Plugging of Monolithic Converters SAE Technical Paper 780004 1978 10.4271/780004
  73. Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers The Impact of MMT on Vehicle Emissions and Durability- Part 1: A Joint Study by the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the Association of International Automobile Manufacturers, and The Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers Association MMT Program Part 1 Report 2002
  74. Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers The Impact of MMT on Vehicle Emissions and Durability- Part 2 (LEV Fleet): A Joint Study by the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers, the Association of International Automobile Manufacturers, and The Canadian Vehicle Manufacturers Association MMT Program Part 2 Report 2002
  75. Benson , J. and Dana , G. The Impact of MMT Gasoline Additive on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Low Emission Vehicles (LEV) SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2894 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2894
  76. McCabe , R. , DiCicco , D. , Guo , G. , and Hubbard , C. Effects of MMT® Fuel Additive on Emission System Components: Comparison of Clear- and MMT®-fueled Escort Vehicles from the Alliance Study SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1084 2004 10.4271/2004-01-1084
  77. Roos , J. , Hollrah , D. , Guinther , G. , and Cunningham , L. A Peer-Reviewed Critical Analysis of SAE Paper 2002-01-2894 “The Impact of MMT Gasoline Additive on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Low Emission Vehicles (LEV),” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2903 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2903
  78. Ethyl Corp. A Critical Analysis of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers’ MMT Study: Separating Fact from Fiction 2003
  79. Environ International Corporation AAM Study Statistical Analysis Prepared for Ethyl Corporation 2003
  80. Cunningham , L. , Hollrah , D. , Newkirk , M. , Roos , J. et al. AAM/AIAM Fleet Test Program: Analysis and Comments SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3287 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3287
  81. Shimizu , C. and Ohtaka , Y. Parametric Analysis of Catalytic Converter Plugging Caused by Manganese-Based Gasoline Additives SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1070 2007 10.4271/2007-01-1070
  82. Aradi , A. , Roos , J. , Fort , B. , Lee , T. et al. The Physical and Chemical Effect of Manganese Oxides on Automobile Catalytic Converters SAE Technical Paper 940747 1994 10.4271/940747
  83. Schindler , K. P. Impact of MMT on Vehicle Emission Performance Asian Vehicle Emission Control Conference (AVECC 2004) 2004
  84. D’Aniello , M. Adverse Effects of MMT-Doped Fuel on 2002-3 MY LL8 GMT360/370 General Motors Research 2006
  85. Roos , J. , Meffert , M. , Cunningham , L. , Hotchkiss , A. et al. A Survey of American and Canadian Consumer Experience - The Performance of Late Model Year Vehicles Operating on Gasoline With and Without the Gasoline Fuel Additive MMT® SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3405 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3405
  86. Meffert , M. , Quinn , T. , Guinther , G. , Hollrah , D. Evaluation of Factors Affecting Vehicle Emission Compliance Using Regional Inspection and Maintenance Program Data SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3406 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3406
  87. Afton Chemical Corporation Seeking Local Solutions to Global Challenges: HiTEC(R)3000 (mmt(R)) Fuel Additive as an Option for Optimizing Global Energy Supply 2014
  88. European Commission Protocol for the Evaluation of Effects of Metallic Fuel-Additives on the Emissions Performance of Vehicles 2013
  89. Richter , H. Influence of Ash-Forming Gasoline Additives such as MMT(R) on Exhaust Emissions and Performance Characteristics of PC-Engines 2004
  90. Afton Chemical Corporation Response to a New Automobile Industry-Sponosored Test of the Effects of MMT(R) in Vehicles Designed to Meet EURO IV Emission Standards 2005
  91. Cunningham , L. , Newkirk , M. , Roos , J. , Meffert , M. et al. Assessing High-Cell Density Catalyst Durability with MMT® Fuel Additive in Severe Driving Conditions SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3840 2005 10.4271/2005-01-3840
  92. Zhang Yan , Cui Ping , Ding Yan , Shang Qi , Xiong Chun-hua , Zhang Hai-yan , Zhang Dan , and Tang , Da-gang Emissions Effects of MMT for Light-Duty Vehicles Research of Environmental Sciences 19 5 2006
  93. Lohfink , C. , Wiese , D. , and Reiser , W. Influence of Metal-Based Additives in Gasoline Fuel on the Exhaust Gas Emission System Components Over Useful Life Period Using the Example of Manganese-Containing Additive SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1380 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1380
  94. Afton Chemical Corporation A Critical Review of the SAE Paper Titled "Influence of Metal-Based Additives in Gasoline Fuel on the Exhaust Gas Emission System Components Over Useful Life Period Using the Example of Manganese-Containing Additive (SAE 2014-01-1380 ) 2014
  95. Afton Chemical Corporation Evaluation of the Compatibility of Gasoline Containing the MMT (R) Fuel Additive in U.S. Tier 2 Vehicles 2012
  96. Afton Chemical Corporation Evalutation of the Impact of Gasoline Containing the MMT (R) Fuel Additive on Particulate Matter Emissions in Vehicles Designed to Meet Euro 5 Emission Standards and Implications for the New U.S. Tier 3 PM Emission Standards 2014
  97. Lynam , D. R. , Roos , J. W. , Pfeifer , G. D. , Fort , B. F. , and Pullin , T. G. Environmental effects and exposures to manganese from use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) in gasoline Neurotoxicology 20 2-3 145 150 1999
  98. Roos , J. , Cunningham , L. , and Meffert , M. The Interaction of MMT® Combustion Products with the Exhaust Catalyst Face SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1078 2007 10.4271/2007-01-1078
  99. Gidney , J. T. , Twigg , M. V. , and Kittleson , D. B. Effect of Organometallic Fuel Additives on Nanoparticle Emissions from a Gasoline Passenger Car Environmental Science & Technology 44 7 2562 2569 2010
  100. Cunningham , L. J. , Shao , H. , and Meffert , M. W. In-Use Emissions Compliance of 2005 and 2006 Model Year Taxis in Beijing, China 18th CRC On-Road Vehicle Emissions Workshop San Diego 2008

Cited By