This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
High-Speed Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement of Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) in a Light Duty Engine for Different Injection Strategies
Technical Paper
2015-24-2454
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
It has been proven that partially premixed combustion (PPC) has the capability of high combustion efficiency with low soot and NOx emissions, which meet the requirements of increasingly restricted emission regulations. In order to obtain more homogenous combustion and longer ignition delay in PPC, different fuel injection strategies were employed which could affect the fuel air mixing and control the combustion. In the present work, a light duty optical diesel engine was used to conduct high speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) for single, double and triple injections with different timings. A quartz piston and a cylinder liner were installed in the Bowditch configuration to enable optical access. The geometry of the quartz piston crown is based on the standard diesel combustion chamber design for this commercial passenger car engine, including a re-entrant bowl shape. The severe image distortions caused by the optical piston shape are minimized through recordings of reference targets and an image dewarping algorithm. To the authors knowledge this is the first time the flow field inside such realistic re-entrant piston bowl has been mapped through high speed PIV. PRF 70 was used as fuel in these measurements. The in-cylinder flow field was evaluated and investigated with high temporal and spatial resolution to provide additional understanding of the fuel air mixing process. Formation of the vortices and turbulence enhance the air fuel interaction. The vector field of 40 consecutive cycles, mean velocity, and turbulence kinetic energy were calculated and evaluated. All the results based on PIV experiment also provide a quantitative dataset being useful for model validation of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of this PPC engine.
Authors
Topic
Citation
Wang, Z., Tanov, S., Wang, H., Richter, M. et al., "High-Speed Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement of Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) in a Light Duty Engine for Different Injection Strategies," SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2454, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2454.Also In
References
- Hardy , W. and Reitz , R. A Study of the Effects of High EGR, High Equivalence Ratio, and Mixing Time on Emissions Levels in a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine for PCCI Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0026 2006 10.4271/2006-01-0026
- Lee , S. and Reitz , R. Spray Targeting to Minimize Soot and CO Formation in Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) Combustion with a HSDI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0918 2006 10.4271/2006-01-0918
- Noehre , C. , Andersson , M. , Johansson , B. , and Hultqvist , A. Characterization of Partially Premixed Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3412 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3412
- Kalghatgi , G. , Risberg , P. , and Ångström , H. Partially Pre-Mixed Auto-Ignition of Gasoline to Attain Low Smoke and Low NOx at High Load in a Compression Ignition Engine and Comparison with a Diesel Fuel SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0006 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0006
- Manente , V. , Johansson , B. , and Tunestal , P. Partially Premixed Combustion at High Load using Gasoline and Ethanol, a Comparison with Diesel SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0944 2009 10.4271/2009-01-0944
- Kokjohn , S. , Hanson , R. , Splitter , D. , and Reitz , R. Experiments and Modeling of Dual-Fuel HCCI and PCCI Combustion Using In-Cylinder Fuel Blending SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2 24 39 2010 10.4271/2009-01-2647
- Hildingsson , L. , Kalghatgi , G. , Tait , N. , Johansson , B. , and Harrison , A. Fuel Octane Effects in the Partially Premixed Combustion Regime in Compression Ignition Engines SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2648 2009 10.4271/2009-01-2648
- Dec , John E. Advanced compression-ignition engines-understanding the in-cylinder processes Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 2 2009 2727 2742
- Manente , V. , Zander , C. , Johansson , B. , Tunestal , P. , Cannella , W. An Advanced Internal Combustion Engine Concept for Low Emissions and High Efficiency from Idle to Max Load Using Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-2198 2010 10.4271/2010-01-2198
- Manente , V. , Tunestal , P. , Johansson , B. , and Cannella , W. Effects of Ethanol and Different Type of Gasoline Fuels on Partially Premixed Combustion from Low to High Load SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0871 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0871
- Manente , V. , Johansson , B. , Tunestal , P. , and Cannella , W. Influence of Inlet Pressure, EGR, Combustion Phasing, Speed and Pilot Ratio on High Load Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1471 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1471
- Ra , Y. , Loeper , P. , Andrie , M. , Krieger , R. et al. Gasoline DICI Engine Operation in the LTC Regime Using Triple- Pulse Injection SAE Int. J. Engines 5 3 1109 1132 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1131
- Kaiadi , M. , Johansson , B. , Lundgren , M. , and Gaynor , J. Sensitivity Analysis Study on Ethanol Partially Premixed Combustion SAE Int. J. Engines 6 1 120 131 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0269
- Shen , M. , Tuner , M. , Johansson , B. , and Cannella , W. Effects of EGR and Intake Pressure on PPC of Conventional Diesel, Gasoline and Ethanol in a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2702 2013 10.4271/2013-01-2702
- Won , H. , Peters , N. , Pitsch , H. , Tait , N. , and Kalghatgi , G. Partially Premixed Combustion of Gasoline Type Fuels Using Larger Size Nozzle and Higher Compression Ratio in a Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2539 2013 10.4271/2013-01-2539
- Reitz , Rolf D. Directions in internal combustion engine research Combustion and Flame 160 1 2013 1 8
- Leermakers , C. , Bakker , P. , Somers , L. , de Goey , L. et al. Commercial Naphtha Blends for Partially Premixed Combustion SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 6 1 199 216 2013 10.4271/2013-01-1681
- Kalghatgi , G. , Risberg , P. , and Ångström , H. Advantages of Fuels with High Resistance to Auto-ignition in Late-injection, Low-temperature, Compression Ignition Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3385 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3385
- Manente , V. Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion PhD thesis Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University Sweden 2010
- Kalghatgi , G. , Hildingsson , L. , and Johansson , B. Low NOx and low smoke operation of a diesel engine using gasoline like fuels Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 132 9 2010 092803
- Kalghatgi , G. , Hildingsson , L. , Harrisona , A.J. , Johansson , B. Autoignition quality of gasoline fuels in partially premixed combustion in diesel engines Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 33 2 3015 3021 2011 10.1016/j.proci.2010.07.007
- Hanson , R. , Kokjohn , S. , Splitter , D. , and Reitz , R. An Experimental Investigation of Fuel Reactivity Controlled PCCI Combustion in a Heavy-Duty Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 700 716 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0864
- Dempsey , A. and Reitz , R. Computational Optimization of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition in a Heavy-Duty Engine with Ultra Low Compression Ratio SAE Int. J. Engines 4 2 2222 2239 2011 10.4271/2011-24-0015
- Chang , J. , Kalghatgi , G. , Amer , A. , and Viollet , Y. Enabling High Efficiency Direct Injection Engine with Naphtha Fuel through Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0677 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0677
- Solaka , H. , Aronsson , U. , Tuner , M. , and Johansson , B. Investigation of Partially Premixed Combustion Characteristics in Low Load Range with Regards to Fuel Octane Number in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0684 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0684
- Kalghatgi , G. Developments in internal combustion engines and implications for combustion science and future transport fuels Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35 1 2015 101 115
- Petersen , B. , Ekoto , I. , and Miles , P. An Investigation into the Effects of Fuel Properties and Engine Load on UHC and CO Emissions from a Light-Duty Optical Diesel Engine Operating in a Partially Premixed Combustion Regime SAE Int. J. Engines 3 2 38 55 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1470
- Lewander , M. , Ekholm , K. , Johansson , B. , Tunestål , P. et al. Investigation of the Combustion Characteristics with Focus on Partially Premixed Combustion in a Heavy Duty Engine SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 1 1 1063 1074 2009 10.4271/2008-01-1658
- Manente , V. , Johansson , B. , Tunestal , P. , Sonder , M. , and Serra , S. Gasoline partially premixed combustion: high efficiency, low NOx and low soot by using an advanced combustion strategy and a compression ignition engine International Journal of Vehicle Design 59 2 2012 108 128
- Dronniou , N. , Lejeune , M. , Balloul , I. , and Higelin , P. Combination of High EGR Rates and Multiple Injection Strategies to Reduce Pollutant Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3726 2005 10.4271/2005-01-3726
- Yun , Hanho , and Reitz Rolf D. Combustion optimization in the low-temperature diesel combustion regime International Journal of Engine Research 6 5 2005 513 524
- Hanson , R. , Splitter , D. , and Reitz , R. Operating a Heavy-Duty Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition Engine with Gasoline for Low Emissions SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1442 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1442
- Hildingsson , L. , Johansson , B. , Kalghatgi , G. , and Harrison , A. Some Effects of Fuel Autoignition Quality and Volatility in Premixed Compression Ignition Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 440 460 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0607
- Benajes , J. , Novella , R. , Garcia , A. , Domenech , V. , and Durrett , R. An Investigation on Mixing and Autoignition using Diesel and Gasoline in a Direct-Injection Compression-Ignition Engine Operating in PCCI Combustion Conditions SAE Int. J. Engines 4 2 2590 2602 2011 10.4271/2011-37-0008
- Sellnau , M. , Sinnamon , J. , Hoyer , K. , and Husted , H. Full-Time Gasoline Direct-Injection Compression Ignition (GDCI) for High Efficiency and Low NOx and PM SAE Int. J. Engines 5 2 300 314 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0384
- Solaka , H. , Tuner , M. , and Johansson , B. Analysis of Surrogate Fuels Effect on Ignition Delay and Low Temperature Reaction during Partially Premixed Combustion SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-0903 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0903
- Zhang , F. , Xu , H. , Zhang , J. , Tian , G. et al. Investigation into Light Duty Dieseline Fuelled Partially-Premixed Compression Ignition Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 2124 2134 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1411
- Sellnau , M. , Sinnamon , J. , Hoyer , K. , and Husted , H. Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition (GDCI) - Diesel-like Efficiency with Low CO2 Emissions SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 2010 2022 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1386
- http://www.dantecdynamics.com/particle-image-velocimetry
- Adrian , R. , Yao , C. , Development of pulsed laser velocimetry (PL V) for measurement of turbulent flow In Proc. Symp. Turbul. 170 186 1984
- Reuss , D. , Adrian , R. , Landreth , C. , French , D. et al. Instantaneous Planar Measurements of Velocity and Large-Scale Vorticity and Strain Rate in an Engine Using Particle-Image Velocimetry SAE Technical Paper 890616 1989 10.4271/890616
- Reuss , D. , Kuo , T. , Khalighi , B. , Haworth , D. et al. Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements in a High-Swirl Engine Used for Evaluation of Computational Fluid Dynamics Calculations SAE Technical Paper 952381 1995 10.4271/952381
- Reuss , D. Cyclic Variability of Large-Scale Turbulent Structures in Directed and Undirected IC Engine Flows SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0246 2000 10.4271/2000-01-0246
- Funk , C. , Sick , V. , Reuss , D. , and Dahm , W. Turbulence Properties of High and Low Swirl In-Cylinder Flows SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2841 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2841
- Deslandes , W. , Dupont , A. , Baby , X. , Charnay , G. et al. PIV Measurements of Internal Aerodynamic of Diesel Combustion Chamber SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3083 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3083
- Hildingsson , L. , Hultqvist , A. , and Miles , P. C. The Effect of Swirl and Injection Phasing on Flow Structures and Mixing in an HSDI Diesel Engine THIESEL 2006
- Colban , W. , Ekoto , I. , Kim , D. , and Miles , P. C. In-Cylinder PIV Measurements in an Optical Light-Duty Diesel at LTC Conditions THIESEL 2008
- Petersen , B. and Miles , P. PIV Measurements in the Swirl-Plane of a Motored Light-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 1623 1641 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1285
- Karhoff , D. , Bücker , I. , Dannemann , J. , Klaas , M. et al. Experimental Analysis of Three-Dimensional Flow Structures in Two Four-Valve Combustion Engines SAE Technical Paper 2011-24-0044 2011 10.4271/2011-24-0044
- Heim , D. and Ghandhi , J. A Detailed Study of In-Cylinder Flow and Turbulence using PIV SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 1642 1668 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1287
- Binjuwair , S. , Ibrahim , S. , Wigley , G. , and Pitcher , G. In-Cylinder Flow Structure Analysis by Particle Image Velocimetry Under Steady State Condition SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1975 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1975
- Nordgren , H. , Hildingsson , L. , Johansson , B. , Dahlén , L. et al. Comparison Between In-Cylinder PIV Measurements, CFD Simulations and Steady-Flow Impulse Torque Swirl Meter Measurements SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3147 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3147
- Valentino , G. , Allocca , L. , and Marchitto , L. PIV Investigation of High Swirl Flow on Spray Structure and its Effect on Emissions in a Diesel-Like Environment SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1286 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1286
- Hildingsson , Leif Laser Diagnostics of HCCI and Partially Premixed Combustion PhD thesis Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University Sweden 2006
- Miles , P. , Megerle , M. , Sick , V. , Richards , K. et al. The Evolution of Flow Structures and Turbulence in a Fired HSDI Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-3501 2001 10.4271/2001-01-3501
- Miles , P.C. , Collin , R. , Hildingsson , L. , Hultqvist , A. Andersson , Ö. Combined measurements of flow structure, partially oxidized fuel, and soot in a high-speed, direct-injection diesel engine Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31 II 2963 2970 10.1016/j.proci.2006.07.231
- Miles Paul C. , Hildingsson Leif , Hultqvist. Anders The influence of fuel injection and heat release on bulk flow structures in a direct-injection, swirl-supported diesel engine Experiments in Fluids 43 2-3 273 2007
- Perini , F. , Zha K. , Sahoo D. , Busch S. , Miles P. C. , and Reitz R. D. Effects of in-cylinder non-uniformities on mixture preparation in a light-duty Diesel engine operating a light-load Partially Premixed Combustion strategy THIESEL 2014
- Heywood , J. B. Fluid motion within the cylinder of internal combustion engines-The 1986 freeman scholar lecture Journal of fluids engineering 109 1 1987 3 35
- Heywood , J. B. , Internal combustion engine fundamentals 930 New York Mcgraw-hill 007028637X 1988
- Dec , J. Soot Distribution in a D.I. Diesel Engine Using 2-D Imaging of Laser-induced Incandescence, Elastic Scattering, and Flame Luminosity SAE Technical Paper 920115 1992 10.4271/920115
- Johansson , Bengt. On Cycle to Cycle Variations in Spark Ignition Engines Doctoral theses Lund Institute of Technology Sweden 1995
- Johansson , B. Cycle to Cycle Variations in S.I. Engines - The Effects of Fluid Flow and Gas Composition in the Vicinity of the Spark Plug on Early Combustion SAE Technical Paper 962084 1996 10.4271/962084
- Towers , D. P. , and Towers , C. E. Cyclic variability measurements of in-cylinder engine flows using high-speed particle image velocimetry Measurement Science and Technology 15 9 2004 1917
- Bizon , K. , Continillo G. , Mancaruso E. , Merola , S. S. , and Vaglieco B. M. POD-based analysis of combustion images in optically accessible engines Combustion and flame 157 4 2010 632 640
- Bizon , K. , Continillo G. , Leistner K. C. , Mancaruso E. , and Vaglieco B. M. POD-based analysis of cycle-to-cycle variations in an optically accessible diesel engine Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32 2 2009 2809 2816
- Bizon , K. , Lombardi , S. , Continillo , G. , Mancaruso , E. , and Vaglieco , B. M. Analysis of Diesel engine combustion using imaging and independent component analysis Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34 2 2013 2921 2931
- Bizon , K. , Continillo , G. , Lombardi , S. , Mancaruso , E. et al. Independent Component Analysis of Combustion Images in Optically Accessible Gasoline and Diesel Engines SAE Technical Paper 2013-24-0045 2013 10.4271/2013-24-0045
- Reeves , M. , Towers , D. P. , Tavender , B. , and Buckberry , C. H. A high-speed all-digital technique for cycle-resolved 2-D flow measurement and flow visualisation within SI engine cylinders Optics and Lasers in Engineering 1999 31 4 247 261
- Fajardo , Claudia , and Volker Sick Flow field assessment in a fired spray-guided spark-ignition direct-injection engine based on UV particle image velocimetry with sub crank angle resolution Proceedings of the combustion institute 31 2 2007 3023 3031
- Abraham , P. , Reuss , D. , and Sick , V. High-Speed Particle Image Velocimetry Study of In-Cylinder Flows with Improved Dynamic Range SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-0542 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0542
- Müller , S. , Arndt , S. , and Dreizler , A. Analysis of the In-Cylinder Flow Field / Spray Injection Interaction within a DISI IC Engine Using High-Speed PIV SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1288 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1288
- Disch , C. , Kubach , H. , Spicher , U. , Pfeil , J. et al. Investigations of Spray-Induced Vortex Structures during Multiple Injections of a DISI Engine in Stratified Operation Using High-Speed-PIV SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-0563 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0563
- Zeng , W. , Sjöberg , M. , and Reuss , D. Using PIV Measurements to Determine the Role of the In-Cylinder Flow Field for Stratified DISI Engine Combustion SAE Int. J. Engines 7 2 615 632 2014 10.4271/2014-01-1237
- Miles , P.C. In-Cylinder Turbulent Flow Structure in Direct-Injection, Swirl-Supported Diesel Engines Ch. 4 in Flow and Combustion in Reciprocating Engines Arcoumanis , C. and Kamimoto , T. , Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg 173 256 2009
- Tanov , S. , Wang , Z. , Wang , H. , Richter , M. and Johansson , B. Effects of Injection Strategies on Fluid Flow and Turbulence in Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) in a Light Duty Engine SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2455 2015
- Borgqvist , P. , Tunestal , P. , and Johansson , B. Comparison of Negative Valve Overlap (NVO) and Rebreathing Valve Strategies on a Gasoline PPC Engine at Low Load and Idle Operating Conditions SAE Int. J. Engines 6 1 366 378 2013 10.4271/2013-01-0902
- Borgqvist , P. , Tuner , M. , Mello , A. , Tunestal , P. et al. The Usefulness of Negative Valve Overlap for Gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1578 2012 10.4271/2012-01-1578
- Tanov , S. , Collin , R. , Johansson , B. , and Tuner , M. Combustion Stratification with Partially Premixed Combustion, PPC, using NVO and Split Injection in a LD - Diesel Engine SAE Int. J. Engines 7 4 1911 1919 2014 10.4271/2014-01-2677
- Prasad , A. K. Stereoscopic particle image velocimetry Experiments in Fluids 29 2 103 116 2000 10.1007/s003480000143
- Dantec Measurement Technology A/S FlowMap Particle Image Velocimetry Instrumentation - Installation & User's guide Publication no.: 9040U3624 2000
- Zha , K. , Busch , S. , Miles , P. , Wijeyakulasuriya , S. et al. Characterization of Flow Asymmetry During the Compression Stroke Using Swirl-Plane PIV in a Light-Duty Optical Diesel Engine with the Re-entrant Piston Bowl Geometry SAE Int. J. Engines 8 4 2015 10.4271/2015-01-1699
- Tennekes , H. , & Lumley , J. L. A first course in turbulence MIT press Cambridge 0262200198 1972
- Miles , P. C. , RempelEwert B. H. , and Reitz R. D. Squish-swirl and injection-swirl interaction in direct-injection diesel engines Sixth international conference on engines for automobile, ICE2003 Sept 14 19 2003