This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Development and Application of an Impedance-Based Instrument for Measuring the Liquid Fraction and Thickness of Ice Crystal Accretions
Technical Paper
2015-01-2134
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Ice crystals ingested by a jet engine at high altitude can partially melt and then accrete within the forward stages of the compressor, potentially causing performance loss, damage and/or flameout. Recent research into this ice crystal icing (ICI) phenomenon conducted at the National Research Council of Canada suggests that the liquid water content vliq of an accretion significantly affects the accretion's susceptibility to erosion by ice crystals, and therefore accretion growth. This paper describes the development and application of an instrument for measuring vliq, potentially providing a method for correlating erosion behavior (e.g. as ductile or brittle) and properties. The instrument measures the complex admittance Y* of a mixed-phase deposit bridging a pair of electrodes, which is modeled as a resistor and capacitor in parallel, and calculates the deposit's relative permittivity εr from the capacitance. Experiments and electrostatic simulations were conducted to correlate εr as a function of vliq for vliq up to ∼40%, using calorimetry to determine vliq. These measurements were made at an excitation frequency of 2MHz, where the relative permittivities of ice and liquid water are insensitive to change of frequency. The paper also describes icing tests where the instrument was used to measure vliq as a function of freestream liquid-to-total water content (LWC/TWC) for two test articles, a cone and a forward-facing cup. The measurements show that vliq lies in the range 25-33% when LWC/TWC is in the range giving worst accretion (LWC/TWC∼10-20%). The instrument is also used to measure thickness growth rate for the cup.
Recommended Content
Citation
Currie, T. and Fuleki, D., "Development and Application of an Impedance-Based Instrument for Measuring the Liquid Fraction and Thickness of Ice Crystal Accretions," SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-2134, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-2134.Also In
References
- Aircraft and Engine Certification Requirements for Supercooled Large Drop, Mixed Phase and Ice Crystal Icing Conditions Federal Aviation Administration Docket No. FAA-2010-0636, Amendment Nos. 25-140 and 33-34 Nov. 4 2014
- Struk , P. , Currie , T. , Wright , W. , Knezevici , D. et al. Fundamental Ice Crystal Accretion Physics Studies SAE Technical Paper 2011-38-0018 2011 10.4271/2011-38-0018
- Currie , T. , Struk , P.M. , Tsao , J-C. , Fuleki , D. and Knezevici , D.C. Fundamental Study of Mixed-Phase Icing with Application to Ice Crystal Accretion in Aircraft Jet Engines 4th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics New Orleans, Louisiana AIAA 2012-3035
- Currie , T.C. , Fuleki , D. , Knezevici , D.C. and MacLeod , J.D. Altitude Scaling of Ice Crystal Accretion 5th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics San Diego, CA AIAA 2013-2677
- Currie , T.C. , Fuleki , D. and Mahallati , A. Experimental Studies of Mixed-Phase Sticking Efficiency for Ice Crystal Accretion in Jet Engines 6th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Atlanta, GA AIAA 2014-3049
- Kintea , D.M. , Schremb , M. , Roisman , I.V. and Tropea , C. Numerical Investigation of Ice Particle Accretion on Heated Surfaces with Application to Aircraft Engines 6th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Atlanta, GA AIAA 2014-2820
- Vargas , M. , Struk , P.M. , Kreeger , R.E. and Palacios , J. Ice Particle Impacts on a Moving Wedge 6th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Atlanta, GA AIAA 2014-3045
- Hauk , T. , Roisman , I. and Tropea , C. Investigation of the Impact Behaviour of Ice Particles 6th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Atlanta, GA AIAA 2014-3046
- Hauk , T. , Roisman , I. and Tropea , C. Investigation of the Melting Behaviour of Ice Particles in an Acoustic Levitator 6th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Atlanta, GA AIAA 2014-2261
- Kintea , D.M. , Hauk , T. , Breitenbach , J. , Roisman , I.V. and Tropea , C. Oblique Water Entry of Rigid Spheres ILASS-Europe 2014, 26 th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems 8 10 Sept. 2014 Bremen, Germany
- Fuleki , D.M. , Mahallati , A. , Knezevici , D.C. , Currie , T.C. and MacLeod , J.D. Development and Application of a Sensor for Total Temperature and Humidity Measurements under Mixed-Phase and Glaciated Icing Conditions 6th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Atlanta, GA AIAA 2014-2751
- Davison , C. , Ratvasky , T. , and Lilie , L. Naturally Aspirating Isokinetic Total Water Content Probe: Wind Tunnel Test Results and Design Modifications SAE Technical Paper 2011-38-0036 2011 10.4271/2011-38-0036
- Mason , J. G. , Strapp , J. W. and Chow , P. The Ice Particle Threat to Engines in Flight 44 th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit , AIAA 2006-206 2006
- Fernandez , D.P. , Mulev , Y. , Goodwin , A.R.H. and Levelt Sengers , J.M.H. A Database for the Static Dielectric Constant of Water and Steam J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 24 1 1995 33 69
- Pottel , R. ‘Dielectric Properties’, Ch.8 in “Water, A Comprehensive Treatise: Aqueous Solutions of Simple Electrolytes” Franks F. 3 Plenum Press 1973 9781468429558
- Fernandez , D.P. , Goodwin , A.R.H. and Levelt Sengers , J.M.H. Measurements of the Relative Permittivity of Liquid Water at Frequencies in the Range of 0.1 to 10kHz and at Temperatures Between 273.1 and 373.2K at Ambient Pressure Int. Journal of Thermophysics 16 4 1995
- Stein , J. , Laberge , G. and Levesque , D. Monitoring the Dry Density and the Liquid Water Content of Snow Using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Cold Regions Science and Technology 25 2 March 1997 123 136
- Knezevici , D. , Fuleki , D. , and MacLeod , J. Development and Commissioning of a Linear Compressor Cascade Rig for Ice Crystal Research SAE Technical Paper 2011-38-0079 2011 10.4271/2011-38-0079
- Bitelli , M. , Flury , M. and Roth , K. Use of Dielectric Spectroscopy to Estimate Ice Content in Frozen Porous Media Water Resources Research 40 2004
- Petrenko , V.F. and Whitworth , R.W. Physics of Ice Oxford University Press 1999 9780198518945
- Akerlof , G. Dielectric Constants of Some Organic Solvent-Water Mixtures at Various Temperatures The Journal of the American Chemical Society 54 11 November 1932
- Tuncer , E. , Serdyuk , Y.V. and Gubanski , S.M. Dielectric Mixtures: Electrical Properties and Modeling IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 9 5 Oct. 2002 809 828
- Ambach , W. and Denoth , A. On the Dielectric Constant of Wet Snow Proceedings of the Grindelwald Symposium: Snow Mechanics IAHS-AISH Publication 114 1974 136 142
- Ambach , W. and Denoth , A. The Dielectric Behaviour of Snow: A Study Versus Liquid Water Content NASA Workshop on Microwave Remote Sensing of Snowpack Properties, NASA CP-2153 Ft. Collins, Colorado May 20 22 1980
- Dullien , F.A.L. Porous Media: Fluid Transport and Pore Structure 2 nd Academic Press 1992 9780323139335
- Jones , E.B. , Rango , A. and Howell , S.M. Snowpack Liquid Water Determination Using Freezing Calorimetry Nordic Hydrology 14 3 1983 113 126
- Sihvola , A. Electromagnetic Mixing Formulae and Applications IEE Electromagnetic Waves Series 47 The Institution of Electrical Engineers 1999 0852967721
- Lichtenecker , K. Physik Zeitschr. 27 115 1926
- Zhou , P.H. , Deng , L.J. , Wu , B.I. and Kong , J. A. Influence of Scatterer's Geometry on Power Law Formula in Random Mixing Composites Progress in Electromagnetics Research , PIER 85 69 82 2008
- Birchak , J. R. , Gardner , C.G. , Hipp , J.E. and Victor , J.M. High Dielectric Constant Microwave Probes for Sensing Soil Moisture Proc. IEEE 62 1 January 1974 93 98
- Polder , D. and van Santen , J. H. The Effective Permeability of Mixtures of Solids Physica 12 5 257 271 1946
- Knezevici , Daniel C. , Fuleki , Dan. , Currie , Tom C. , Galeote , Brian et al. Particle Size Effects on Ice Crystal Accretion - Part II 5th Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics San Diego, CA AIAA 2013-2676
- Currie , T.C. Modified Flux-Difference Splitting for Simulating Low Mach Number Flows, Including Combustion, on Unstructured Grids AIAA-98-0230 1998
- Weinstein , L.M. Thickness measurement device for ice, or ice mixed with water or other liquid U.S. Patent 6,239,601 29 May 2001