This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
A City Bus Electrification Supported by the Photovoltaic Power Modules
Technical Paper
2014-01-2898
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This paper examines the possible electric energy collected by the photovoltaic (PV) modules installed on the roof of the bus. The tests were carried out for Mercedes Conecto LF12 buses equipped with CI engine meeting the standards of Euro 5. The research was conducted in the urban contexts/operation. Detailed results of the measurements such as fuel consumption, electric energy consumption, engine speed and vehicle speed are shown. Additional measurements included: the quantity of solar energy coming from the roof of the moving vehicle and electric energy generated from the photovoltaic modules installed. The study was conducted on a city bus taking different routes in the city of Lublin in Eastern Poland. The research bus was supplied with photovoltaic modules and a measurement system. The test results enabled to determine the ratio of the amount of electric energy acquired through the photovoltaic modules mounted on a bus to equivalent amount of energy acquired by a non-shaded photovoltaic system arranged horizontally on the roof of the building. The engine idle speed percentage distribution within the urban operation was specified to the value of 45%.The Photovoltaic system mounted on a bus on average produces 17.6% less energy compared to an identical stationary system. The PV system could provide 26% of the annual demand for electric energy of a city bus. Thus it may save reduce fuel-associated operation costs by 3% per year, as a result of generating up to 26% electric energy from free solar power rather than depending on fuel combustion.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Geca, M., Wendeker, M., and Grabowski, L., "A City Bus Electrification Supported by the Photovoltaic Power Modules," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2898, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2898.Also In
References
- European Communities, Brussel 2001 White Paper: European Transport Policy for 2010: time to decide 140 141
- Merkisz , J. , Bajerlein , M. , Daszkiewicz , P. The Influence of the Application of Photovoltaic Cells in City Buses to Reduce Fuel Consumption - (CO2) and Exhaust Emissions (HC, PM, and NOx) 2012 International Conference on Power and Energy Systems, Lecture Notes in Information Technology 106 113 13
- US Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency 2008 Advanced Technologies and Energy Efficiency
- Saxe , M. , Folkesson , A. , Alvfors , P. Energy system analysis of the fuel cell buses operated in the project: Clean Urban Transport for Europe Energy 33 5 May 2008 689 711 0360-5442 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.01.001
- Bosch , R. 1996 Automotive Handbook fourth Bentley Publishers Cambridge, MA
- Bradfield , M. Improving Alternator Efficiency Measurably Reduces Fuel Costs Delco Remy 2008
- Thomas , V.M. , Meier , A.K. , Gunda , S.G. , Wenze , I T.P. Cars are buildings: Building-like energy use in automobiles Transportation Research Part D 16 341 345 2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2011.01.010
- Plastow J. Progress in Building Integrated PV Technologies Record of the IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 2 2316 2318 January 2007 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279636
- Kossecka , E. , Bzowska , D. Estimation of solar radiation on inclined surfaces. The clearness indexes method Archives of Civil Engineering XI 1 105 120 1994
- Rizzo , G. Automotive Applications of Solar Energy IFAC Symposium Advances in Automotive Control July 12 14 2010 Munich, Germany 174 185 10.3182/20100712-3-DE-2013.00199
- Simburger , E. J. , Simburger , J. T. , Bagnall , M. PV Prius; 8: Terrestrial PV Systems 8.1 Stand Alone Systems, Including Hybrid Systems Record of the IEEE 4th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion 2 2404 2406 January 2007 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279693
- Letendre S. , Perez R. , Herig C. 2003 Vehicle Integrated PV: A Clean and Secure Fuel for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Proc. of the American Solar Energy Society Solar 2003 Conference June 21 23 2003 Austin, TX
- Arsie , I. , Rizzo , G. , and Sorrentino , M. Optimal Design and Dynamic Simulation of a Hybrid Solar Vehicle SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-2997 2006 10.4271/2006-01-2997
- Giannouli , M. , Yianoulis , P. Study on the incorporation of photovoltaic systems as an auxiliary power source for hybrid and electric vehicles Solar Energy 86 1 January 2012 441 451 10.1016/j.solener.2011.10.019
- Sasaki , K. , Yokota , M. , Nagayosh , H. , Kamisako , K. Evaluation of electric motor and gasoline engine hybrid car using solar cells Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 47 1-4 October 1997 259 263 10.1016/S0927-0248(97)00047-0
- Rizzo , G. , Marano , V. , Pisanti , C. , D'Agostino M et al. A Prototype Mild-solar-Hybridization Kit: Design and Challenges Energy Procedia 45 1017 1026 2014 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.107
- Almonacid , G. , Muñoz , F. J. , de la Casa , J. , Aguilar , J. Integration of PV systems on health emergency vehicles The FIVE project. Prog. Photovolt: Res. Appl. 12 609 621 2004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.558
- AbuBakr , S. , Bahaj , A.S. World's First Solar Powered Transport Refrigeration System Renewable Energy 15 1-4 September December 1998 572 576 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(98)00227-4
- Bahaj , A.S. , James , P.A.B. Economics of solar powered refrigeration transport applications Proceedings of the 29th IEEE PV Specialists Conference New Orleans, USA 21 24 May 2002 1561 1564 10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190911
- http://solarknowledge.blogspot.com/2010/10/i-cool-solar-air-conditioning-for.html
- Karavadi , A. , Balog , R. S. Novel Non-Flat Photovoltaic Module Geometries and Implications to Power Conversion IEEE Proceedings of the ECCE 2011 Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition 7 13 17 22 September 2011 10.1109/ECCE.2011.6063742
- Fabbri , G.F. , Cardoso , A. J. M. ; Boccaletti , C. B. Simulation and Design of a Photovoltaic Roof for Automotive Applications Proc IEEE International Symp. on Industrial Electronics - ISIE Hangzou, China 1726 1731 May 2012 10.1109/ISIE.2012.6237351
- GTAA Meeting Mulhouse 26 27 May 2010 Solar energy for cars: perspectives, opportunities and problems Rizzo Gianfranco , Arsie Ivan , Sorrentino Marco
- http://www.mercedes-benz.de
- Hoonki , K. , Sangjin , K , Chan-Keun , K. , Young-Jae , M. et al. An Energy-Efficient Fast Maximum Power Point Tracking Circuit in an 800-μW Photovoltaic Energy Harvester Transactions on Power Electronics 28 June 2013 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2220983
- Enne , R. , Nikolic , M. , Zimmermann , H. Dynamic Integrated MPP Tracker in 0.35 μm CMOS Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions 28 6 2886 2894 June 2013 10.1109/TPEL.2012.2213615
- http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps4/pvest.php?lang=en&map=europe
- http://www.x-disc.pl/panele/page/read/elastyczne-panele-fotowoltaiczne
- http://www.hukseflux.com/product/sr03-pyranometer
- Huld , T.A. , Suri , M. , Dunlop , E.D. GIS-based estimation of solar radiation and PV generation in central and eastern Europe on the web European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability I-21020 Ispra, Italy 2002
- Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories