This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Systematic Investigation of the Influence of Ethanol Blending on Sooting Combustion in DISI Engines Using High-Speed Imaging and LII
Technical Paper
2014-01-2617
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Modern direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine concepts have the drawback of higher particulate matter emission as compared to port fuel injection concepts. Especially, when driven with biofuels, the operation of DISI engines requires a deeper insight into particulate formation processes.
In this study a modern optical accessible DISI engine is used. Pure isooctane, ethanol, E20 (20vol% of ethanol in isooctane) and E85 were investigated as fuels. Simultaneous OH*-chemiluminescence and soot radiation imaging was conducted by a high-speed camera system in order to separate premixed combustion with the sooting combustion. Furthermore, a laser-induced incandescence (LII) sensor was used to measure exhaust elementary carbon mass concentration. Systematically, operation points were chosen, which correspondent to the main sooting mechanisms, poolfire, mixture inhomogeneities and global low air-fuel ratio. Furthermore, they were compared to a homogenous charge combustion strategy.
Although the addition of ethanol mainly shows reduced particulate emission e.g. at homogeneous mixture conditions, for E20 at poolfire conditions the soot emission is increased compared to isooctane. In addition, E85 shows lowest soot luminosity and particle concentration for all operating points. This unexpected behavior may be explained by the dominance of chemical effects at homogenous conditions and physical fuel property effects at short mixing times. Important quantities in this context are the fuel oxygen content, the evaporation enthalpy for short mixing times, and the non-ideal vapor-liquid equilibrium of an ethanol-isooctane fuel blend.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Storch, M., Zigan, L., Wensing, M., and Will, S., "Systematic Investigation of the Influence of Ethanol Blending on Sooting Combustion in DISI Engines Using High-Speed Imaging and LII," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2617, 2014, https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2617.Also In
References
- Piock, W., Hoffmann, G., Berndorfer, A., Salemi, P. et al., “Strategies Towards Meeting Future Particulate Matter Emission Requirements in Homogeneous Gasoline Direct Injection Engines,” SAE Int. J. Engines 4(1):1455-1468, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-1212.
- Stevens, E. and Steeper, R., “Piston Wetting in an Optical DISI Engine: Fuel Films, Pool Fires, and Soot Generation,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1203, 2001, doi:10.4271/2001-01-1203.
- Zhao, F., Lai, M.-C. and Harrington, D.L., “Automotive spark-ignited direct-injection gasoline engines”. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1999. 25(5): p. 437-562, doi:10.1016/s0360-1285(99)00004-0.
- Storey, J., Barone, T., Thomas, J., and Huff, S., “Exhaust Particle Characterization for Lean and Stoichiometric DI Vehicles Operating on Ethanol-Gasoline Blends,” SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0437, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-0437.
- Lee, J., Patel, R., Schönborn, A., Ladommatos, N., et al., “Effect of Biofuels on Nanoparticle Emissions from Spark-and Compression-ignited Single-cylinder Engines with Same Exhaust Displacement Volume”. Energy & Fuels, 2009. 23(9): p. 4363-4369, doi:10.1021/ef9004708.
- Szybist, J.P., Youngquist, A.D., Barone, T.L., Storey, J.M., et al., “Ethanol Blends and Engine Operating Strategy Effects on Light-Duty Spark-Ignition Engine Particle Emissions”. Energy & Fuels, 2011: p. 4977-4985, doi:10.1021/ef201127y.
- Giakoumis, E.G., Rakopoulos, C.D., Dimaratos, A.M. and Rakopoulos, D.C., “Exhaust emissions with ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends during transient operation: A review”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013. 17: p. 170-190, doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.09.017.
- Chen, L. and Stone, R., “Measurement of Enthalpies of Vaporization of Isooctane and Ethanol Blends and Their Effects on PM Emissions from a GDI Engine”. Energy & Fuels, 2011. 25(3): p. 1254-1259, doi:10.1021/ef1015796.
- Daniel, R., Xu, H., Wang, C., Richardson, D., et al., “Gaseous and particulate matter emissions of biofuel blends in dual-injection compared to direct-injection and port injection”. Applied Energy, 2013. 105: p. 252-261, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.11.020.
- Kar, K., Last, T., Haywood, C., and Raine, R., “Measurement of Vapor Pressures and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Gasoline and Ethanol Blends and Their Effects on Mixture Preparation in an SI Engine,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 1(1):132-144, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-0317.
- Aleiferis, P.G., Serras-Pereira, J., van Romunde, Z., Caine, J., et al., “Mechanisms of spray formation and combustion from a multi-hole injector with E85 and gasoline”. Combustion and Flame, 2010. 157(4): p. 735-756, doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.12.019.
- Trost, J., Zigan, L. and Leipertz, A., “Quantitative vapor temperature imaging in DISI-sprays at elevated pressures and temperatures using two-line excitation laser-induced fluorescence”. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2013. 34(2): p. 3645-3652, doi:10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.093.
- Chen, L., Stone, R. and Richardson, D., “A study of mixture preparation and PM emissions using a direct injection engine fuelled with stoichiometric gasoline/ethanol blends”. Fuel, 2012. 96: p. 120-130, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.070.
- Salamanca, M., Sirignano, M. and D'Anna, A., “Particulate Formation in Premixed and Counter-flow Diffusion Ethylene/Ethanol Flames”. Energy & Fuels, 2012. 26(10): p. 6144-6152, doi:10.1021/ef301081q.
- Sementa, P., Maria Vaglieco, B. and Catapano, F., “Thermodynamic and optical characterizations of a high performance GDI engine operating in homogeneous and stratified charge mixture conditions fueled with gasoline and bio-ethanol”. Fuel, 2012. 96: p. 204-219, doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.12.068.
- Chen, L., Braisher, M., Crossley, A., Stone, R. et al., “The Influence of Ethanol Blends on Particulate Matter Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0793, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-01-0793.
- Jakob, M., Hülser, T., Janssen, A., Adomeit, P., et al., “Simultaneous high-speed visualization of soot luminosity and OH* chemiluminescence of alternative-fuel combustion in a HSDI diesel engine under realistic operating conditions”. Combustion and Flame, 2012. 159(7): p. 2516-2529, doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.03.004.
- Zhang, J., Jing, W. and Fang, T., “High speed imaging of OH* chemiluminescence and natural luminosity of low temperature diesel spray combustion”. Fuel, 2012. 99(0): p. 226-234, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.04.031.
- Kessler, F., Kiesgen, G., Schopp, J. and Bollig, M., “Die neue Vierzylinder-Motorenbaureihe aus der BMW/PSAKooperation”. MTZ, 2007. 68(MTZ 07-08): p. 526-537.
- “GESTIS Stoffdatenbank”. 06/04/2013]; Available from: http://gestis.itrust.de.
- Glassman, I. and Yetter, R.A., “Combustion”. 4 ed. 2008, Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12-088573-2.
- Gaydon, A.G., “The Spectroscopy of Flames”. 1st edition ed. 1957, London: Chapman & Hall Ltd., ISBN: 978-9400957220.
- Haber, L.C. and Vandsburger, U., “A global reaction model for oh* chemiluminescence applied to a laminar flat-flame burner”. Combustion Science and Technology, 2003. 175(10): p. 1859-1891, doi:10.1080/713713115.
- Sommer, R., “Einsatz der laserinduzierten Glühtechnik (LII) zur Charakterisierung nanoskaliger Partikel”. Ph. D. thesis. Berichte zur Energie- und Verfahrenstechnik. 2008, Erlangen: ESYTEC. ISBN: 3931901548.
- Schraml, S., Kremer, H., Sommer, R. and Leipertz, A., “LI2SA: Instrument of Soot Characterization and Optimization of Ultra-Low Emission Vehicles”. COMODIA 2004, 2004.
- Orain, M. and Hardalupas, Y., “Effect of fuel type on equivalence ratio measurements using chemiluminescence in premixed flames”. Comptes Rendus Mécanique, 2010. 338(5): p. 241-254, doi:10.1016/j.crme.2010.05.002.
- Sjöberg, M. and Reuss, D., “NOx-Reduction by Injection-Timing Retard in a Stratified-Charge DISI Engine using Gasoline and E85,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 5(3):1096-1113, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-1643.
- Bader, A., Keller, P. and Hasse, C., “The influence of non-ideal vapor-liquid equilibrium on the evaporation of ethanol/iso-octane droplets”. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2013. 64: p. 547-558, doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.04.056.
- Hertler, D., Stirn, R., Arndt, S., Grzeszik, R., et al., “Investigations of soot formation in an optically accessible gasoline direct injection engine by means of laser-induced incandescence (LII)”. Applied Physics B, 2011. 104(2): p. 399-407, doi:10.1007/s00340-011-4392-8.
- Goldlucke, J., Seelig, O., Ipp, W., Schraml, S., et al., “Investigation of In-Cylinder Soot Formation and Exhaust Soot Emission of a Direct Injection SI Engine by Laser-Induced Incandescence (LII)”. COMODIA 2004, 2004. 2004(6): p. 369-376.