Numerical Modelling of Mixture Formation and Combustion in DISI Hydrogen Engines with Various Injection Strategies

Technical Paper

2014-01-2577

ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2577

Published October 13, 2014 by SAE International in United States

Sector:

Automotive

Event: SAE 2014 International Powertrain, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting

Language: English

Abstract

International obligations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and requirements to strengthen security of fuel supply, indicate a need to diversify towards the use of cleaner and more sustainable fuels. Hydrogen has been recommended as an encouraging gaseous fuel for future road transportation since with reasonable modifications it can be burned in conventional internal combustion engines without producing carbon-based tailpipe emissions. Direct injection of hydrogen into the combustion chamber can be more preferable than port fuel injection since it offers advantages of higher volumetric efficiency and can eliminate abnormal combustion phenomena such as backfiring. The current work applied a fully implicit computational methodology along with the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach to study the mixture formation and combustion in a direct-injection spark-ignition engine with hydrogen fuelling. Hydrogen was issued into the combustion chamber by a six-hole side-mounted injector. The effects of two injection strategies, namely single and double-pulse injections per cycle, were examined whilst maintaining an equivalence ratio of 0.5 at part-load conditions of 0.5 bar intake pressure at 1,000 RPM. The combustion process was also computed using a ‘partially-premixed homogeneous reactor’ approach in conjunction with a detailed chemical kinetics combustion solver. The results were discussed in relation to previously published work on in-cylinder experiments of hydrogen engines.

Also In

References

White, C.M., Steeper, R.R. and Lutz, A.E., “The hydrogen- fueled internal combustion engine: a technical review”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 3, pp. 1292-1305, 2006.
Verhelst, S. and Wallner, T., “Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 35, pp. 490-527, 2009.
Verhelst, S. “Recent progress in the use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engines”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol.39, pp. 1071-1085, 2014.
Gosselink, J.W. “Pathways to a more sustainable production of energy: sustainable hydrogen-a research objective for Shell”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 27, pp. 1125-1129, 2002.
Dincer, I. and Zamfirescu, C., “Sustainable hydrogen production options and the role of IAHE”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, pp. 16266-16286, 2012.
Chaubey, R., Sahu, S., James O., O. and Maity, S., “A review on development of industrial processes and emerging techniques for production of hydrogen from renewable and sustainable sources”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 23, pp. 443-462, 2013.
Wong, Y.M., Wu, T.Y. and Juan, J.C., “A review of sustainable hydrogen production using seed sludge via dark fermentation”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 34, pp. 471-482, 2014.
Verhelst, S., Sierens, R., and Verstraeten, S., “A Critical Review of Experimental Research on Hydrogen Fueled SI Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0430, 2006, doi:10.4271/2006-01-0430.
Bradley, D., Lawes, M., Liu, K., Verhelst S. and Woolley, R., “Laminar burning velocities of lean hydrogen-air mixtures at pressures up to 1.0 MPa”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 149, pp. 162-172, 2007.
Mandilas, C., Ormsby, M.P., Sheppard, C.G.W. and Woolley, R., “Effects of hydrogen addition on laminar and turbulent premixed methane and iso-octane-air flames”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 31, pp. 1443-1450, 2007.
Karim, G.A., “Hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 28, pp. 569-577, 2003.
Rosati, M. and Aleiferis, P., “Hydrogen SI and HCCI Combustion in a Direct-Injection Optical Engine,” SAE Int. J. Engines 2(1):1710-1736, 2009, doi:10.4271/2009-01-1921.
Zhenzhong, Y., Lijun, W., Manlou, H. and Yongdi, C., “Research on optimal control to resolve the contradictions between restricting abnormal combustion and improving power output in hydrogen fueled engines”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, pp. 774-782, 2012.
Zhenzhong, Y., Lijun, W., Zhang, Q., Meng, Y. and Pei, P., “Research on optimum method to eliminate backfire of hydrogen internal combustion engines based on combining postponing ignition timing with water injection of intake manifold”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, pp. 12868-12878, 2012.
Li, H. and Karim, G.A., “Knock in spark ignition hydrogen engines”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 29, pp. 859-865, 2004.
Kawahara, N. and Tomita, E., “Visualization of auto- ignition and pressure wave during knocking in a hydrogen spark-ignition engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, pp. 3156-3163, 2009.
Berckmüller, M., Rottengruber, H., Eder, A., Brehm, N. et al., “Potentials of a Charged SI-Hydrogen Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3210, 2003, doi:10.4271/2003-01-3210.
Verhelst, S. and Sierens, R., “Combustion Studies for PFI Hydrogen IC Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-3610, 2007, doi:10.4271/2007-01-3610.
Verhelst, S., Maesschalck, P., Rombaut, N. and Sierens, R., “Increasing the power output of hydrogen internal combustion engines by means of supercharging and exhaust gas recirculation”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, pp. 4406-4412, 2009.
Rakopoulos, C.D., Kosmadakis, G.M. and Pariotis, E.G., “Evaluation of a combustion model for the simulation of hydrogen spark-ignition engines using a CFD code”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 12545-12560, 2010.
Rakopoulos, C.D., Kosmadakis, G.M., Demuynck, J., De Paepe, M. et al., “A combined experimental and numerical study of thermal processes, performance and nitric oxide emissions in a hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, pp. 5163-5180, 2011.
Aleiferis, P.G. and Rosati, M.F., “Flame chemiluminescence and OH LIF imaging in a hydrogen- fuelled spark-ignition engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, pp. 1797-1812, 2012.
Wallner, T., Nande, A., and Naber, J., “Evaluation of Injector Location and Nozzle Design in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Research Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1785, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-1785.
Kaiser, S. and White, C., “PIV and PLIF to Evaluate Mixture Formation in a Direct-Injection Hydrogen-Fuelled Engine,” SAE Int. J. Engines 1(1):657-668, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-1034.
Salazar, V. and Kaiser, S., “An Optical Study of Mixture Preparation in a Hydrogen-fueled Engine with Direct Injection Using Different Nozzle Designs,” SAE Int. J. Engines 2(2):119-131, 2009, doi:10.4271/2009-01-2682.
Scarcelli, R., Wallner, T., Salazar, V., and Kaiser, S., “Modeling and Experiments on Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Research Engine,” SAE Int. J. Engines 2(2):530-541, 2009, doi:10.4271/2009-24-0083.
Scarcelli, R., Wallner, T., Matthias, N., Salazar, V. et al., “Mixture Formation in Direct Injection Hydrogen Engines: CFD and Optical Analysis of Single- and Multi-Hole Nozzles,” SAE Int. J. Engines 4(2):2361-2375, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-24-0096.
Messner, D., Wimmer, A., Gerke, U., and Gerbig, F., “Application and Validation of the 3D CFD Method for a Hydrogen Fueled IC Engine with Internal Mixture Formation,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0448, 2006, doi:10.4271/2006-01-0448.
Hamzehloo, A. and Aleiferis, P., “Computational Study of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-2524, 2013, doi:10.4271/2013-01-2524.
Serras-Pereira, J., Aleiferis, P., Richardson, D., and Wallace, S., “Spray Development, Flow Interactions and Wall Impingement in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-2712, 2007, doi:10.4271/2007-01-2712.
Rimmer, J., Long, E., Garner, C., Hargrave, G. et al., “The Influence of Single and Multiple Injection Strategies on In- Cylinder Flow and Combustion within a DISI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-0660, 2009, doi:10.4271/2009- 01-0660.
Costa, M., Sorge, U. and Allocca, L., “Increasing energy efficiency of a gasoline direct injection engine through optimal synchronization of single or double injection strategies”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 60, pp. 77-86, 2012.
Alkidas, A.C., “Combustion advancements in gasoline engines”, Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, pp. 2751-2761, 2007.
Hunicz, J. and Kordos, P., “An experimental study of fuel injection strategies in CAI gasoline engine”, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, Vol. 35, pp. 243-252, 2011.
Aleiferis, P.G. and Rosati, M.F., “Controlled autoignition of hydrogen in a direct-injection optical engine”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 159, pp. 2500-2515, 2012.
Kong, S., Marriott, C., Reitz, R., and Christensen, M., “Modeling and Experiments of HCCI Engine Combustion Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics with Multidimensional CFD,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-1026, 2001, doi:10.4271/2001-01-1026.
Kong, S. and Reitz, R.D., “Application of detailed chemistry and CFD for predicting direct injection HCCI engine combustion and emissions”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 29, pp. 663-669, 2002.
Hilbert, R., Tap, F., El-Rabii, H. and Thévenin, D., “Impact of detailed chemistry and transport models on turbulent combustion simulations”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Vol. 30, pp. 61-117, 2004.
Peters, N., “Laminar Flamelet Concepts in Turbulent Combustion”, Twenty-first Symposium (International) on Combustion/The Combustion Institute, pp. 1231-1250, 1986.
Duclos, J.M., Veynante, D. and Poinsot, T., “A comparison of flamelet models for premixed turbulent combustion”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 95, pp. 101-117, 1993.
Marble, F. E. and Broadwell, J. “The coherent flame model for turbulent chemical reactions”, Project SQUID, Rep. TRW-9-PU, 1977.
Zhao, X., Matthews, R.D. and Ellzey, J.L., “Numerical Simulations of Combustion in SI Engines: Comparison of the Fractal Model to the Coherent Flame Model”, International Symposium COMODIA 94, 1994.
Colin, O. and Benkenida, A., “The 3-Zones Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM3Z) for Computing Premixed/Diffusion Combustion”, Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP, Vol. 59 pp. 593-609, 2004.
Hélie, J. and Trouvé, A., “A modified coherent flame model to describe turbulent flame propagation in mixtures with variable composition”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 28, pp. 193-201, 2000.
Knop, V., Benkenida, A., Jay, S. and Colin, O., “Modelling of combustion and nitrogen oxide formation in hydrogen- fuelled internal combustion engines within a 3D CFD code”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, pp. 5083-5097, 2008.
Safari, H., Jazayeri, S.A. and Ebrahimi, R., “Potentials of NOX emission reduction methods in SI hydrogen engines: Simulation study”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, pp. 1015-1025, 2009.
Verhelst, S., T'Joen, C., Vancoillie, J. and Demuynck, J., “A correlation for the laminar burning velocity for use in hydrogen spark ignition engine simulation”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 36, pp. 957-974, 2011.
Kosmadakis, G.M., Rakopoulos, C.D., Demuynck, J., De Paepe M. et al, “CFD modeling and experimental study of combustion and nitric oxide emissions in hydrogen-fueled spark-ignition engine operating in a very wide range of EGR rates”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, pp. 10917-10934, 2012.
Liu, X., Ji, C., Gao, B., Wang, S. et al, “A laminar flame speed correlation of hydrogen-methanol blends valid at engine-like conditions”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 38, pp. 15500-15509, 2013.
Duan, J., Liu, F. and Sun, B., “Backfire control and power enhancement of a hydrogen internal combustion engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 39, pp. 4581-4589, 2014.
Noda, T. and Foster, D., “A Numerical Study to Control Combustion Duration of Hydrogen-Fueled HCCI by Using Multi-Zone Chemical Kinetics Simulation,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0250, 2001, doi:10.4271/2001-01-0250.
Liu, C. and Karim, G.A., “A simulation of the combustion of hydrogen in HCCI engines using a 3D model with detailed chemical kinetics”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, pp. 3863-3875, 2008.
Boretti, A.A., “Modelling auto ignition of hydrogen in a jet ignition pre-chamber”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 3881-3890, 2010.
Boretti, A.A., “Vehicle driving cycle performance of the spark-less di-ji hydrogen engine”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 35, pp. 4702-4714, 2010.
Boretti, A.A., “Stochastic reactor modelling of multi modes combustion with diesel direct injection or hydrogen jet ignition start of combustion”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, pp. 13555-13563, 2012.
http://www.cd-adapco.com/products/star-ccm® [retrieved 01/04/2014].
Hamzehloo, A., and Aleiferis, P.G., “Large Eddy Simulation of Near-Nozzle Shock Structure and Mixing Characteristics of Hydrogen Jets for Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engines”, 10th International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics (HEFAT2014), Orlando, Florida, USA, 2014.
Hamzehloo, A., and Aleiferis, P.G., “Large Eddy Simulation of Highly Turbulent Under-Expanded Hydrogen and Methane Jets for Gaseous-Fuelled Internal Combustion Engines”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, submitted.
Menter, F.R., “Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence modeling for engineering applications”, AIAA Journal, Vo. 32, pp. 1598-1605, 1994.
Chin C., Li M., Harkin C., Rochwerger T. et al, “Investigation of the Flow Structures in Supersonic Free and Impinging Jet Flows”, Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 135, 2013.
Gorlé C. and Iaccarino G., “Large eddy and Reynolds- Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of an underexpanded sonic jet”, 7th European Symposium on Aerothermodynamics, European Space Agency, Netherlands, 2011.
http://www.cd-adapco.com/products/star-®/dars [retrieved 01/04/2014].
Balakrishnan, G., Smooke, M.D. and Williams, F.A., “A numerical investigation of extinction and ignition limits in laminar nonpremixed counterflowing hydrogen-air streams for both elementary and reduced chemistry”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 102, pp. 329-340, 1995.
Mueller, M.A., Yetter, R.A. and Dryer, F.L., “Kinetic modeling of the CO/H2O/O2/NO/SO2 system: Implications for high-pressure fall-off in the SO2 + O(+M) = SO3(+M) reaction”, International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 32, pp. 317-339, 2000.
Li, J., Zhao, A. and, Kazakov, A., “An updated comprehensive kinetic model of hydrogen combustion”, International Journal of Chemical Kinetics, Vol. 36, pp. 566-575, 2004.
Konnov, A.A., “Remaining uncertainties in the kinetic mechanism of hydrogen combustion”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 152, pp. 507-528, 2008.
Shatalov, O.P., Ibraguimova, L.B., Pavlov, V.A., Smekhov, G.D. et al, “Analysis of the Kinetic Data Described Oxygen-Hydrogen Mixtures Combustion”, Proceedings of the European Combustion Meeting, 2009.
Knio, O.M., Najm, H.N. and Wyckoff, P.S., “A Semi-implicit Numerical Scheme for Reacting Flow: II. Stiff, Operator-Split Formulation”, Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 154, pp. 428-467, 1999.
İlbas, M., Yilmaz, İ. and Kaplan, Y., “Investigations of hydrogen and hydrogen-hydrocarbon composite fuel combustion and emission characteristics in a model combustor”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 30, pp. 1139-1147, 2005.
Malcolm, J., Behringer, M., Aleiferis, P., Mitcalf, J. et al., “Characterisation of Flow Structures in a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine Using PIV, LDV and CFD,” SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1290, 2011, doi:10.4271/2011-01-1290.
Aleiferis, P.G., Serras-Pereira, J., Van Romunde, Z., Caine, J. et al., “Mechanisms of spray formation and combustion from a multi-hole injector with E85 and gosiline”, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 157, pp. 735-756., 2010.
Anderson J. D., “Modern compressible flow: with historical prespective, 3rd Edition”, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Yu, J., Vuorinen, V., Hillamo, H., Sarjovaara, T. et al., “An Experimental Study on High Pressure Pulsed Jets for DI Gas Engine Using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence,” SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1655, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-01-1655.
Hamzehloo, A., “Computational Study of Mixture Formation and Combustion in Hydrogen-Fuelled Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines”, Ph.D. Thesis, University College London (UCL), UK (in Preparation).
Verhelst, S., Woolley, R., Lawes, M. and Sierens, R., “Laminar and unstable burning velocities and Markstein lengths of hydrogen-air mixtures at engine-like conditions”, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, Vol. 30, pp. 209-216, 2005.
Owston, R., Magi, V., and Abraham, J., “Fuel-Air Mixing Characteristics of DI Hydrogen Jets,” SAE Int. J. Engines 1(1):693-712, 2008, doi:10.4271/2008-01-1041.
Gregory-Smith, D.G and Gilchrist, A.R., “The compressible Coanda wall jet-an experimental study of jet structure and breakaway”, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 8. pp. 156-164, 1987.
Hu, E., Huang, Z., He, J., Miao, H. “Experimental and numerical study on laminar burning velocities and flame instabilities of hydrogen-air mixtures at elevated pressures and temperatures”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, pp. 8741-8755, 2009.

Journal Article	Study of Basic Injection Configurations using a Direct-Injection Hydrogen Research Engine
Technical Paper	Improvement of Combustion of CNG Engine using CNG Direct Injection and Gas-jet Ignition Method
Technical Paper	Lean SI Engines: The role of combustion variability in defining lean limits

Citation
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)
	(MAC / WIN)

File Format:	Number of Results:
Select Fields to Export
Item Number	Content Type
Title	Author(s)
Affiliation(s)	Publisher
Publish Date	Abstract/scope
Citation	DOI
Version Number

Numerical Modelling of Mixture Formation and Combustion in DISI Hydrogen Engines with Various Injection Strategies

Abstract

Recommended Content

Authors

Topic

Citation

Also In

References

Cited By