This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
In Vivo Analysis of Thoracic Mechanical Response Variability under Belt Loading: Specific Behavior and Relationship to Age, Gender and Body Mass Index
Technical Paper
2013-22-0003
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Thoracic injuries are a major cause of mortality in frontal collisions, especially for elderly female and obese people. Car occupant individual characteristics like age, gender and Body Mass Index (BMI) are known to influence human vulnerability tolerance in crashes. The objective of the this study was to perform in vivo test experiments to quantify the influence of subject characteristics in terms of age, gender and anthropometry and on thorax mechanical response variability under belt loading. Thirty-nine relaxed volunteers of different anthropometries, genders and age were submitted to non-injurious sled tests (4 g, 8 km/h) with a sled buck representing the environment of a front passenger restrained by a 3-point belt. A resulting shoulder belt force FRes was computed using the external and internal shoulder belt loads and considering shoulder belt geometry. The mid sternal deflection D was calculated as the distance variation between markers placed at mid-sternum and at the 7th vertebra spinous process of the subject. Linear stiffness (K) and damping coefficient (μ) of a spring-dashpot model were identified from the FRes-D curves of each test. The analysis suggests that among subjects over 40 years old, thinness leads to higher K-values.
Authors
Citation
Poulard, D., Bermond, F., and Bruyère, K., "In Vivo Analysis of Thoracic Mechanical Response Variability under Belt Loading: Specific Behavior and Relationship to Age, Gender and Body Mass Index," SAE Technical Paper 2013-22-0003, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-22-0003.Also In
References
- Abdel-Aziz , Y. and Karara , H. 1971 Direct linear transformation from comparator coordinates into object space coordinates in close-range photogrammetry Proc. of the Symposium on Close-Range photogrammetry Falls Church, Virginia, USA 1 18
- Arbogast , K. , Balasubramanian , S. , Seacrist , T. , Maltese , M. , Garcìa-España , J. , Hopely , T. , Constans , E. , Lopez-Valdes , F. , Kent , R. , Tanji , H. and Higuchi , K. 2009 Comparison of kinematic responses of the head and spine for children and adults in low-speed frontal sled tests Stapp car crash journal 53 329 372
- Armstrong , R. , Waters , H. , and Stapp , J. 1968 Human muscular restraint during sled deceleration Proc. of the 12th Stapp Car Crash Conference 440 462 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Backaitis , S. and St-Laurent , A. 1986 Chest deflection characteristics of volunteers and hybrid III dummies Proc. of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference 157 166 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Beeman S.M. , Kemper , A.R. , Madigan , M.L. , Franck , C.T. , Duma , S.M. 2011 Effects of Bracing on Human Kinematics in Low-Speed Frontal Sled Tests Annals of Biomedical Engineering 39 12 2998 3010
- Beeman S.M. , Kemper , A.R. , Madigan , M.L. , Franck , C.T. , Loftus S.C. 2012 Occupant kinematics in low-speed frontal sled tests: Human volunteers, Hybrid III ATD, and PMHS Accident Analysis and Prevention 47 128 139
- Berthet , F. , Vezin , P. , Cheze , L. , and Verriest J. 2005 Assessment and analysis of the human rib lateral slopes Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 8 35 36
- Boulanger , B. , Milzman , D. , Mitchell , K. , and Rodriguez , A. 1992 Body habitus as a predictor of injury pattern after blunt trauma The Journal of Trauma 33 2 228 232
- Carroll , J.A. , Smith , S. , Adolph , T. , and Eggers , A. 2009 Differences between accidents and crash test results THORAX, D1.1 - FINAL http://www.thorax-project.eu
- Cesari , D. , and Bouquet R. 1990 Behaviour of human surrogates thorax under belt loading Proc. of the 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference
- Eickhoff , B. , Schrenk , W. , Zellmer , H. , and Meywerk M. 2011 Optimization of seat belt bucke motion for reducing chest deflection, using rib eye sensors Proceedings of the 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV)
- Forman , J. , Lopez-Valdes , F. , Lessley , D. , Kindig , M. , Kent , R. and Bostrom , O. 2009 The effect of obesity on the restraint of automobile occupants Proc. of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 53 25 40
- Gayzik , F. , Yin , M. , Danelson , K. , Slice , D. , and Stitzel J. 2008 Quantification of age-related shape change of the human rib cage through geometric morphometrics Journal of Biomechanics 41 1545 1554
- Gutierrez-Fisac , J. , Lopez , E. , Banegas , J. , Graciani , A. and Rodriguez-Artalejo , F. 2004 Prevalence of overweight and obesity in elderly people in Spain Obesity 12 710 715
- Jürgens , H. W. , Pieper , U. , Aune , I. 1990 International Data on Anthropometry Geneva, Switzeland International Labour Office
- Kimpara , H. , Iwamoto , M. , Miki , K. , Lee , J.B. , Befeman , P.C. , Yang , K.H. and King , A.I. 2003 Biomechanical properties of the male and female chest subjected to frontal and lateral impacts Proc. of the IRCOBI Conference Lisbon (Portugal) 235 247
- Kemper , A. , McNally , C. , Pullins , C. , Freeman , L. , Duma , S. , and Rouhana S. 2007 The biomechanics of human ribs: material and structural properties from dynamic tension and bending tests Stapp Car Crash Journal 51 235 273
- Kemper , A. , Beeman S. , and Duma S. 2011 Effects of pre-impact bracing on chest compression of human occupants in low-speed frontal sled tests SAE Journal 11-0193 1 6
- Kent , R. , Lessley D. , and Sherwood C. 2004 Thoracic response to dynamic, non-impact loading from a hub, distributed belt, diagonal belt, and double diagonal belts Stapp Car Crash Journal 48 495 519
- Kent , R. , Lee , S. , Darvish , K. , Wang , S. , Poster , C. , Lange , A. , Brede , C. , Lange , D. , and Matsuoka F. 2005 Structural and material changes in the aging thorax and their role in crash protection for older occupants Stapp Car Crash Journal 49 231 249
- Klanner , W. 2001 Status report and future development of the euro ncap program Proc. of the 17th Tech. Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Amsterdam, The Netherlands SAE International
- Koh , S. Effect of rib strength on injury tolerance in side impact Master's Thesis Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University Detroit, MI 2000
- Kroell , C.K. , Schneider , D.C. 1971 Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax. biomechanics of impact injury and injury tolerances of the thorax-shoulder complex Proc. of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference Coronado, California 84 134
- Lobdell , T. , Kroell , C. , Schneider , D. , Hering , W. , Nahum , A. 1973 Impact response of the human thorax Human Impact Response Measurement and Simulation 201 245
- Lafont , S. , and Laumon , B. 2003 Vieillissement et gravite des atteintes lesionnelles des victimes d'accident de la circulation routiere: Ageing and injury severity among road traffic accident victims Recherche-Transports-Sécurité 79 121 133
- Lau , I. , and Viano , D. 1986 The viscous criterion-bases and applications of an injury severity index for soft tissues Proc. of the 30th Stapp Car Crash Conference San Diego, California 123 142
- Mertz , H. , Horsch , J. , Horn , G. , and Lowne R. 1991 Hybrid III sternal deflection association with thoracic injury severities of occupants restrained with force limiting belts biomechanics of impact injury and injury tolerances of the thorax-shoulder complex 910812 in SAE PT-92
- Mock , C. , Grossman , D. , Kaufman , R. , Mack , C. , and Rivara , F. 2002 The relationship between body weight and risk of death and serious injury in motor vehicle crashes Accident Analysis and Prevention 34 221 228
- Nahum , A.M. , Schneider , D.C. , Kroell , C.K. 1975 Cadaver skeletal response to blunt thoracic impact Proc. of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference San Degio, California 259 293
- Oskvig , R. 1999 Special problems in the elderly Chest 115 suppl 158 164
- Patrick , L. 1981 Impact force-deflection of the human thorax Proc. of 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference September 28 30 1981 San Francisco, California, USA 471 496 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Poulard , D. , Bruyere , K. , Compigne , S. , Bermond , F. 2011 In-vivo test protocol for analysis of thorax response under belt loading Proc. of the 2011 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury 232 235
- Poulard , D. , Bermond , F. , Compigne , S. , Bruyère , K. 2013 In-vivo analysis of thoracic mechanical response under belt loading: The role of body mass index in thorax stiffness Journal of Biomechanics 46 883 889
- Shaw , G. , Lessley , D. , Evans , J. , Crandall , J. , Shin , J. , Portier , P. , Paolomi , G. 2007 Quasi-static and dynamic thoracic loading tests: cadaveric torsos Proc. of the 2007 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Injury Maastricht, The Netherlands 325 348
- Takahashi , H. , Frost , H. 1966 Age and sex related changes in the amount of cortex of normal human ribs Acta Orthopaedica 37 122 130
- Vezin , P. , and Berthet , F. 2009 Structural characterization of human rib cage behavior under dynamic loading Stapp Car Crash Journal 53 93 125
- Ward , J. H. , Jr. 1963 Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function Journal of the American Statistical Association 58 236 244
- Yamada , H. 1970 Strength of Biological Materials The Williams & Wikins Company Baltimore
- Zhou , Q. , Rouhana , S. , and Melvin J. 1996 Age effects on thoracic injury tolerance Proc. of the 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference Albuquerque, New Mexico 137 148