This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Cost Effective Annual Use and Charging Frequency for Four Different Plug-in Powertrains
Technical Paper
2013-01-0494
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Vehicles with electrified powertrains, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in HEV (PHEVs), and AEVs (all-electric vehicles using grid-supplied battery energy exclusively), are potentially marketable because of low operating costs, but each comes with a significant initial cost penalty in comparison to a conventional vehicle (CV) powered by an internal combustion engine. Accordingly, a high rate of utilization is necessary for cost effectiveness. This paper examines the projected future (2020) cost effectiveness of several alternative powertrains within a standard compact sedan glider: an AEV and a set of selected input-split and output-split HEV and PHEV powertrains with various battery power and energy storage capabilities. Vehicle performance and consumption rates of fuel and electricity were estimated using vehicle simulations, and vehicle prices were estimated using cost models. The National Household Travel Survey was used to characterize average daily travel distance for home-based trips. Fuel and electricity consumption were estimated for two distinct types of travel: (a) near-home daily use (days in which all trips are ≺240 km) and (b) intercity travel (days in which at least one trip is ≻240 km). Two indicators of cost effectiveness were examined: (1) total annualized vehicle, electricity and fuel costs for a decade of use, and (2) grid kWh used per year per dollar of incremental vehicle expense. Depending on assumptions about fuel prices, frequency of charging, and intercity driving, it was found that either CVs, HEVs, input-split PHEVs, or AEVs can be most cost effective.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Santini, D., ZHOU, Y., Stephens, T., Vyas, A. et al., "Cost Effective Annual Use and Charging Frequency for Four Different Plug-in Powertrains," SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-0494, 2013, https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-0494.Also In
References
- Kley , F. , Dallinger , D. , and Wietschel , M. What Is a Right-sized PHEV? Considering Users' Driving Profiles Proceedings of the 2 nd European Conference on Smart Grids and E-Mobility Brussels, Belgium 2010
- Santini , D.J. , Vyas , A.D. , Saucedo , D. , and Jungers , B. Where Are the Market Niches for Electric Drive Passenger Cars? 11-3733 90 th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board Washington, D.C., USA Jan. 23 27 2011
- Propfe , B. , Redelbach , M. , Santini , D.J. , and Friedrich , H. Cost Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Including Maintenance & Repair Costs and Resale Values Electric Vehicle Symposium 26 Los Angeles, CA, USA May 6 9 2012
- Federal Highway Administration The 2009 National Household Travel Survey U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C., USA http://nhts.ornl.gov/publications.shtml October 2012
- Zhou , Y. , Vyas , A. , and Santini , D. Tracking National Household Vehicle Usage by Type, Age, and Area in Support of Market Assessments for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 12-4348 Transportation Research Board 91st Annual Meeting Washington, D.C., USA January 22 26 2012
- Santini , D. , Zhou , Y. , and Vyas , A. An Analysis of Car and SUV Daytime Parking for Potential Opportunity Charging of Plug-in Electric Powertrains Electric Vehicle Symposium 26 Los Angeles, CA, USA May 6 9 2012
- Vyas , A.D. , Santini , D.J , and Johnson , L.R. Potential of Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Reduce Petroleum Use: Issues Involved in Developing Reliable Estimates Transportation Research Record 2139 2009 55 63
- Moawad , A. , Singh , G. , Hagspiel , S. , Fellah , M. , and Rousseau , A. Impact of Real World Drive Cycles on PHEV Fuel Efficiency and Cost for Different Powertrain and Battery Characteristics Electric Vehicle Symposium 24 Stavanger, Norway May 13 16 2009
- Dong . J. , and Lin , Z. Exploring Paths to One Million Plug-in Electric Vehicles by 2015 Using the MA3T Model Electric Vehicle Symposium 26 Los Angeles, CA, USA May 6 9 2012
- Plotz , P. , Kley , F. , and Gnann , T. Optimal Battery Sizes for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicle Symposium 26 Los Angeles, CA, USA May 6 9 2012
- Lin , Z. Optimizing and Diversifying the Electric Range of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles for U.S. Drivers SAE Int. J. Alt. Power. 1 1 180 194 2012 10.4271/2012-01-0817
- California Center for Sustainable Energy California Plug-in Electric Vehicle Owners Survey http://energycenter.org/index.php/incentive-programs/self-generation-incentive-program/sgip-documents/doc_download/1140-pev-owner-survey-result Feb. 2012
- Michalek , J.J. , Chester , M. , Jaramillo , P. , Samaras , C. , Shiua , C.-S.N. , and Lave , L. Valuation of Plug-in Vehicle Life-cycle Air Emissions and Oil Displacement Benefits Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 40 16554 16558 2011 10.1073/pnas.1104473108
- Santini , D. , Zhou , Y. , Kim . N. , Gallagher , K. , and Vyas , A. Deploying Plug-in Electric Cars Which Are Used for Work: Compatibility of Varying Daily Patterns of Use with Four Electric Powertrain Architectures TRB 13-4925 92nd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting Washington, D.C., USA Jan. 13 17 2013
- Da Costa , A. Kim , N. , Le Berr , F. , Marc , N. , and Rousseau , A. Fuel Consumption Potential of Different Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Architectures in the European and American Contexts Electric Vehicle Symposium 26 Los Angeles, CA, USA May 6 9 2012
- Rousseau , A. , Badin , M. , Redelbach , N. , Kim , A. , Da Costa , D. , Santini , D. , Vyas , A. , Le Berr , F. , and Friedrich , H. Comparison of Energy Consumption and Costs of Different HEVs and PHEVs in European and American Context European Electric Vehicle Congress Brussels, Belgium Nov. 19 22 2012
- German , J. Hybrid-Powered Vehicles, Second Edition, SAE International Warrendale, PA 978-097-7680-34-4 2011 10.4271/T-125
- Environmental Protection Agency Testing and Measuring Emissions http://www.epa.gov/nvfel/testing/dynamometer.htm#vehcycles Oct. 2012
- DHC Group WLTC Methodology GRPE/WLTP informal group http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/2011/wp29grpe/WLTP-DHC-06-03r1e.pdf Jan. 2011
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Kansas City PM Characterization Study-Final Report EPA420-R-08-009 April 2008
- Andre , M. The ARTEMIS European Driving Cycles for Measuring Car Pollutant Emissions Science of the Total Environment 334-335 73 84 2004 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.070
- Federal Highway Administration Highway Statistics 2010 Table VM-1 http://www.fhwa.dot.gov Oct. 2012
- Argonne National Laboratory Autonomie http://www.autonomie.net/ Oct. 2012
- Nelson , P.A. , Gallagher , K.G. , Bloom , I. , and Dees , D.W. Modeling the Performance and Cost of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-11/32 Sept. 2011
- Lin , Z. , and Greene , D.L. Assessing Energy Impact of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Significance of Daily Distance Variation over Time and Among Drivers Transportation Research Record 2252 99 106 2011 10.3141/2252-13
- U.S. Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2012: With Projections to 2035 June 2012 2012 U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C.
- Lohse-Busch , H. Advanced Powertrain Research Facility AVTA Leaf Testing and Analysis http://www.transportation.anl.gov/D3/data/2012_nissan_leaf/AVTALeaftestinganalysis_Major%20summary101212.pdf Oct. 12 2012
- http://www.toyota.com/camry/trims-prices.html Jan. 24 2013
- http://www.ford.com/cars/fusion/trim/hybrid/ Jan. 24 2013