This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Numerical Optimization of a Light-Duty Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled With Low-Octane Gasoline
Technical Paper
2012-01-1336
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
In automotive industry it has been a challenge to retain diesel-like thermal efficiency while maintaining low emissions. Numerous studies have shown significant progress in achieving low emissions through the introduction of common-rail injection systems, multiple injections and exhaust gas recirculation and by using a high octane number fuel, like gasoline, to achieve adequate premixing. On the other hand, low temperature combustion strategies, like HCCI and PCCI, have also shown promising results in terms of reducing both NOx and soot emissions simultaneously. With the increasing capacity of computers, multi-dimensional CFD engine modeling enables a reasonably good prediction of combustion characteristics and pollutant emissions, which is the motivation behind the present research. The current research effort presents an optimization study of light-duty compression ignition engine performance, while meeting the emission regulation targets. A numerical optimization study was carried out on a light-duty, single-cylinder, compression ignition engine, fueled with a PRF87 gasoline surrogate, at a full load operating condition. The simulations were performed using a Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGAII) code coupled to a multi-dimensional CFD code, KIVA3V-Chemkin. The goal of this study was to reduce six objectives simultaneously, which are NOx, soot, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emissions, indicated specific fuel consumption, and peak pressure rise rate. Six engine design parameters were chosen to vary while being optimized using the genetic algorithm code, which include the premixed fuel fraction, second and third injection amounts and timings, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) ratio and boost pressure. The GA optimization results indicated that there are two distinct operating regimes depending on EGR ratio for the current engine operating conditions. The high EGR regime is characterized by late ignition timing using triple-injection operation, whereas, the comparatively low EGR regime was governed by two-stage combustion. The results showed that thermal efficiencies of more than 40% can be achieved with both strategies.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Das Adhikary, B., Ra, Y., Reitz, R., and Ciatti, S., "Numerical Optimization of a Light-Duty Compression Ignition Engine Fuelled With Low-Octane Gasoline," SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1336, 2012, https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1336.Also In
References
- Dec, J. Canaan, R. “PLIF Imaging of NO Formation in a DI Diesel Engine1,” SAE Technical Paper 980147 1998 10.4271/980147
- Heywood, J.B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals McGraw-Hill 1988
- Kodama, K. Hiranuma, S. Doumeki, R. Takeda, Y. et al. “Development of DPF System for Commercial Vehicles (Second Report) - Active Regenerating Function in Various Driving Condition -,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3694 2005 10.4271/2005-01-3694
- Kim, J. Park, S.W. Reitz, R.D. “Improvements in the Performance and Pollutant Emissions for Stoichiometric Diesel Combustion Engines using a Two-Spray-Angle Nozzle” Journal of Automobile Engineering 2010 224 8 1113 1122
- Theis, J. Ura, J. Li, J. Surnilla, G. et al. “NOx Release Characteristics of Lean NOx Traps During Rich Purges,” SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1159 2003 10.4271/2003-01-1159
- Saito, S. Shinozaki, R. Suzuki, A. Jyoutaki, H. et al. “Development of Urea-SCR System for Commercial Vehicle - Basic Characteristics and Improvement of NOx Conversion at Low Load Operation -,” SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-3248 2003 10.4271/2003-01-3248
- Tsurushima, T. Kunishima, E. Asaumi, Y. Aoyagi, Y. et al. “The Effect of Knock on Heat Loss in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0108 2002 10.4271/2002-01-0108
- Tsurushima, T. Kunishima, E. Asaumi, Y. Aoyagi, Y. et al. “The Effect of Knock on Heat Loss in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0108 2002 10.4271/2002-01-0108
- Kimura, S. Aoki, O. Ogawa, H. Muranaka, S. et al. “New Combustion Concept for Ultra-Clean and High-Efficiency Small DI Diesel Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-3681 1999 10.4271/1999-01-3681
- Takeda, Y. Keiichi, N. Keiichi, N. “Emission Characteristics of Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion with Extremely Early Staged Fuel Injection,” SAE Technical Paper 961163 1996 10.4271/961163
- Kimura, S. Aoki, O. Kitahara, Y. Aiyoshizawa, E. “Ultra-Clean Combustion Technology Combining a Low- Temperature and Premixed Combustion Concept for Meeting Future Emission Standards,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0200 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0200
- Hasegawa, R. Yanagihara, H. “HCCI Combustion in DI Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0745 2003 10.4271/2003-01-0745
- Risberg, P. Kalghatgi, G. Ångstrom, H. Wåhlin, F. “Auto-ignition quality of Diesel-like fuels in HCCI engines,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-2127 2005 10.4271/2005-01-2127
- Kalghatgi, G. Risberg, P. Ångström, H. “Advantages of Fuels with High Resistance to Auto-ignition in Late-injection, Low-temperature, Compression Ignition Combustion,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-3385 2006 10.4271/2006-01-3385
- Shimazaki, N. Tsurushima, T. Nishimura, T. “Dual Mode Combustion Concept With Premixed Diesel Combustion by Direct Injection Near Top Dead Center,” SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0742 2003 10.4271/2003-01-0742
- Kalghatgi, G. Risberg, P. Ångström, H. “Partially Pre-Mixed Auto-Ignition of Gasoline to Attain Low Smoke and Low NOx at High Load in a Compression Ignition Engine and Comparison with a Diesel Fuel,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0006 2007 10.4271/2007-01-0006
- Ra, Y. Yun, J.E. Reitz, R.D. “Numerical simulation of diesel and gasoline-fueled compression ignition combustion with high pressure late direct injection” Int. J. Vehicle design 50 1/2/3/4 3 34 2009
- Ra, Y. Yun, J.E. Reitz, R.D. “Numerical parametric study of diesel engine operation with gasoline” Combustion Science and Technology 181 350 378 2009
- Dempsey, A. Reitz, R. “Computational Optimization of a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Conventional Gasoline,” SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 338 359 2011 10.4271/2011-01-0356
- Ra, Y. Loeper, P. Reitz, R. Andrie, M. et al. “Study of High Speed Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition (GDICI) Engine Operation in the LTC Regime,” SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 1412 1430 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1182
- Ra, Y. Loeper, P. Andrie, M. Krieger, R. et al. “Gasoline DICI Engine Operation in the LTC Regime using Triple-Pulse Injection,” SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1131 2012
- Kalghatgi, G. Hildingsson, L. Johansson, B. “Low NOx and Low Smoke Operation of a Diesel Engine Using Gasolinelike Fuels,” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 132 9 2010
- Sellnau, M. Sinnamon, J. Hoyer, K. Husted, H. “Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition (GDCI) - Diesel-like Efficiency with Low CO2 Emissions,” SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 2010 2022 2011 10.4271/2011-01-1386
- Amsden, A.A. KIVA-3V: A block-structured KIVA program for engines with vertical and canted valves 1997 Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-13313-MS
- Amsden, A.A. KIVA-3V, Release 2, Improvements to KIVA-3V 1999 Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LA-UR-99-915
- Kee, R.J. Rupley, F.M. Miller, J.A. “CHEMKIN-II: A FORTRAN Chemical Kinetics Package for the Analysis of Gas Phase Chemical Kinetics” Sandia Report SAND 89-8009 1989
- Beale, J.C. Reitz, R.D. “Modeling Spray Atomization with the Kelvin-Helmholtz/Rayleigh-Taylor Hybrid Model” Atomization and Sprays 9 623 650 1999
- Abani, N. Munnannur, A. Reitz, R.D. “Reduction of Numerical Parameter Dependencies in Diesel Spray Models” Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 130 032809-1 10.1115/1.2830867
- Liu, A. B. Mather, D. Reitz, R.D. “Modeling the Effects of Drop Drag and Breakup on Fuel Sprays” 9 623 650 1999
- Ra, Y. Reitz, R. D. “A vaporization Model for Discrete Multi-Component Fuel Sprays” International Journal of Multiphase Flow 35 101 117 2009
- Ra, Y. Reitz, R.D. “A vaporization model for discrete multi-component fuel sprays,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 35 101 117 2009
- O'Rourke, P. Amsden, A. “A Spray/Wall Interaction Submodel for the KIVA-3 Wall Film Model,” SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0271 2000 10.4271/2000-01-0271
- Han, Z. Reitz, R.D. “Turbulence Modeling of Internal Combustion Engines Using RNG k-ε Models” Combustion Science and Technology 106 267 295 1995
- Ra, Y. Reitz, R.D. “A Reduced Chemical Kinetic Model for IC Engine Combustion Simulations with Primary Reference Fuels” Combustion and Flame 155 713 738 2008
- http://diesel.me.berkeley.edu/∼gri_mech/new21/version21/text21.html
- Hiroyasu, H. Kadota, T. “Models for Combustion and Formation of Nitric Oxide and Soot in Direct Injection Diesel Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 760129 1976 10.4271/760129
- Nagle, J. Strickland-Constable, R.F. Fifth Carbon Conference 1 154 Pergamon Oxford 1962
- Singh, S. Reitz, R. Musculus, M. “Comparison of the Characteristic Time (CTC), Representative Interactive Flamelet (RIF), and Direct Integration with Detailed Chemistry Combustion Models against Optical Diagnostic Data for Multi-Mode Combustion in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0055 2006 10.4271/2006-01-0055
- Wickman, D. Senecal, P. Reitz, R. “Diesel Engine Combustion Chamber Geometry Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms and Multi-Dimensional Spray and Combustion Modeling,” SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0547 2001 10.4271/2001-01-0547
- Shi, Y. Reitz, R. “Assessment of Optimization Methodologies to Study the Effects of Bowl Geometry, Spray Targeting and Swirl Ratio for a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Operated at High-Load,” SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 537 557 2009 10.4271/2008-01-0949
- Shi, Y. Ge, H.W. Reitz, R.D. Computational Optimization of Internal Combustion Engines Springer 978-0-85729-618-4 2011
- Deb, K. Pratap, A. Agarwal, S. Meyarivan, T. A Fast and Elist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 2002 6 2 182 197
- Kokjohn, S. Reitz, R. “A Computational Investigation of Two-Stage Combustion in a Light-Duty Engine,” SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 1083 1104 2009 10.4271/2008-01-2412
- Eng, J. “Characterization of Pressure Waves in HCCI Combustion,” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-2859 2002 10.4271/2002-01-2859
- Dec, J. Yang, Y. “Boosted HCCI for High Power without Engine Knock and with Ultra-Low NOx Emissions - using Conventional Gasoline,” SAE Int. J. Engines 3 1 750 767 2010 10.4271/2010-01-1086