This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
CFD Modeling of Processes Upstream of the Catalyst for Urea SCR NOx Reduction Systems in Heavy-Duty Diesel Applications
Technical Paper
2011-01-1322
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
This project is one component of a broader effort whose ultimate goal is to provide CFD-based tools that can be used to optimize the design of urea SCR NOx aftertreatment systems for heavy-duty diesel engines. Here the focus is on predicting the distributions of key chemical species (ammonia, in particular) at the inlet to the catalysts. Two aspects of the physical models have been emphasized: the multi-phase models, and the gas-phase chemistry models. A hierarchy of four simplified geometric configurations has been used for model development and parametric studies, and to establish the appropriate level of physical modeling and numerical fidelity required. The resulting physical and numerical parameters then have been used to model a production SCR system. Initial quantitative comparisons with experimental measurements are encouraging. It is expected that CFD with the level of modeling that has been employed here can provide useful guidance for developing SCR systems that provide good spatial uniformity of ammonia entering the catalysts, while imposing low parasitic pressure drops. Specific recommendations are offered for effective use of CFD for this application, and issues that require further investigation are identified.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Bhattacharjee, S., Haworth, D., and Moores, R., "CFD Modeling of Processes Upstream of the Catalyst for Urea SCR NOx Reduction Systems in Heavy-Duty Diesel Applications," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-1322, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-1322.Also In
References
- http://www.epa.gov/otaq/standards.htm
- Fenger, J. “Air Pollution in the Last 50 Years - From local to global” Atm. Env. 43 13 22 2009 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.061
- Ropkins, K. J. Beebe, J. Li, H. Daham, B. Tate, J. Bell, M Andrews, G. “Real-World Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Monitoring: Review and Critical Discussion” Critical Reviews in Env. Sci. and Techn. 39 79 152 2009 10.1080/10643380701413377
- Kromer, M.A. Bandivadekar, A. Evans, C. “Long-Term Greenhouse Gas Emission and Petroleum Reduction Goals: Evolutionary Pathways for the Light-Duty Vehicle Sector” Energy 35 387 397 2010 10.1016/j.energy.2009.10.006
- Johnson, T.V. “Review of Diesel Emissions and Control,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3 1 16 29 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0301
- Koebel, M. Elsener, M. Marti, T. “NOx-Reduction in Diesel Exhaust Gas with Urea and Selective Catalytic Reduction” Comb. Sci. and Techn. 121 85 102 1996 10.1080/00102209608935588
- Koebel, M. Elsener, M. Kleemann, M. “Urea-SCR: A Promising Technique to Reduce NOx Emissions from Automotive Diesel Engines” Catal. Today 59 335 345 2000 10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00299-6
- Chi, J.N. DaCosta, H.F.M. “Modeling and Control of a Urea-SCR Aftertreatment System,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0966 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0966
- Munnannur, A. Liu, Z.G. “Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for DEF Injection and Urea Decomposition in Mobile SCR DeNOx Systems,” SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0889 2010 10.4271/2010-01-0889
- Chen, M. Williams, S. “Modelling and Optimization of SCR-Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0969 2005 10.4271/2005-01-0969
- Sluder, C.S. Storey, J.M.E. Lewis, S.A. Lewis, L.A. “Low Temperature Urea Decomposition and SCR Performance,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-1858 2005 10.4271/2005-01-1858
- Fang, H.L. DaCosta, H.F.M. “Urea Thermolysis and NOx Reduction with and without SCR Catalysts” Appl. Catal. B: Environmental 46 17 34 2003 10.1016/S0926-3373(03)00177-2
- Brouwer, J. Heap, M.P. Pershing, D.W. Smith, P.J. “A Model for Prediction of Selective Noncatalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides by Ammonia, Urea and Cyanuric Acid with Mixing Limitations in the Presence of CO” Proc. Comb. Inst. 26 2117 2124 1996 10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80036-1
- Birkhold, F. Meingast, U. Wassermann, P. Deutschmann, O. “Modeling and Simulation of the Injection of Urea-Water-Solution for Automotive SCR DeNOx Systems” Appl. Catal. B 70 119 127 2007 10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.12.035
- Law, C.K. “Multicomponent Droplet Combustion with Rapid Internal Mixing” Comb. and Flame 26 219 233 1976 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90073-0
- Faeth, G.M. “Evaporation and Combustion of Sprays” Prog. Energy Comb. Sci. 9 1 76 1983 10.1016/0360-1285(83)90005-9
- Ström, H. Lundstrom, A. Andersson, B. “Choice of Urea-Spray Models in CFD Simulations of Urea-SCR Systems” J. Chem. Eng. 150 69 82 2009 10.1016/i.cei.2008.12.003
- Kim, J.Y. Ryu, S.H. Ha, J.S. “Numerical Prediction on the Characteristics of Spray-Induced Mixing and Thermal Decomposition of Urea Solution in SCR System” ICEF2004-889, Proceedings of 2004 Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division Long Beach, CA 2004 10.1115/ICEF2004-0889
- Birkhold, F. Meingast, U. Wassermann, P. Deutschmann, O. “Analysis of the Injection of Urea-Water-Solution for Automotive SCR DeNOx-Systems: Modeling of Two-Phase Flow and Spray/Wall Interaction,” SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0643 2006 10.4271/2006-01-0643
- Kleemann, M. Elsener, M. Koebel, M. Wokaun, A. “Hydrolysis of Isocyanic Acid on SCR Catalysts” Ind. Eng. Chem. 39 4120 4126 2000 10.1021/ie9906161
- Schaber, P.M. Colson, J. Higgins, S. Thielen, D. Anspach, B. Brauer, J. “Thermal Decomposition (Pyrolysis) of Urea in an Open Reaction Vessel” Thermochimica Acta 424 131 142 2004 10.1016/j.tca.2004.05.018
- Miller, J.A. Bowman, C.T. “Mechanism and Modeling of Nitrogen Chemistry in Combustion” Prog. Energy Comb. Sci. 15 287 338 1989 10.1016/0360-1285(89)90017-8
- STAR-CD documentation Methodology, v4.10 2009 http://www.cd-adapco.com/
- Launder, B.E. Spalding, D.B. “The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows” Comp. Meth. in Appl. Mech. and Eng. 3 269 289 1974 10.1016/0045-7825(74)90029-2
- Rodi, W. “Influence of Buoyancy and Rotation on Equations for the Turbulent Length Scale” Proc. 2nd Symp. on Turbulent Shear Flows 1979
- El Tahry, S.H. “k-ε Equation for Compressible Reciprocating Engine Flows” AIAA, J. Energy 7 4 345 353 1983 10.2514/3.48086
- Yakhot, V. Orszag, S.A. “Renormalization Group Analysis of Turbulence - I: Basic theory” J. Scientific Computing 1 1 51 1986 10.1007/BF01061452
- Rodi, W. “Experience with Two-Layer Models Combining the k-ε Model with a One-Equation Model Near the Wall” AIAA-91-0216, 29 th Aerospace Sciences Meeting Nevada 1991
- Dukowicz, J.K. “A Particle-Fluid Numerical Model for Liquid Sprays” J. Comp. Phys. 35 229 253 1980 10.1016/0021-9991(80)90087-X
- DARS http://www.DigAnaRS.com/
- Rosin, P. Rammler, E. “The Laws Governing the Fineness of Powdered Coal” J. of the Institute of Fuel 7 29 36 1933
- Weibull, W. “A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability” J. Appl. Mech.-Trans. ASME 18 3 293 297 1951
- Gosman, A.D. Ioannides, S.I. “Aspects of Computer Simulation of Liquid-Fuelled Combustors” AIAA, J. Energy 7 6 482 490 1983 10.2514/3.62687
- Bai, C. Gosman, A.D. “Development of Methodology for Spray Impingement Simulation,” SAE Technical Paper 950283 1995 10.4271/950283
- Bai, C. Gosman, A.D. “Mathematical Modelling of Wall Films Formed by Impinging Sprays,” SAE Technical Paper 960626 1996 10.4271/960626
- Sirignano, W.A. “Fluid Dynamics and Transport of Droplets and Sprays” Cambridge University Press UK 1999 10.1115/1.483243
- Torres, D.J. O'Rourke, P.J. Amsden, A.A. “Efficient Multicomponent Fuel Algorithm” Comb. Theory Modeling 7 67 86 2003 10.1088/1364-7830/7/1/304
- Reitz, R.D. Diwakar, R. “Effect of Drop Breakup on Fuel Sprays,” SAE Technical Paper 860469 1986 10.4271/860469
- Yim, S.D. Kim, S.J. Baik, J.H. Nam, I. Mok, Y.S. Lee, J.H. Cho, B.K. Oh, S.H. “Decomposition of Urea into NH3 For the SCR Process” Ind Eng. Chem. 43 4856 4863 2004 10.1021/ie034052j
- Miller, J.A. Branch, M.C. Kee, R.J. “A Chemical Kinetic Model for the Selective Reduction of Nitric oxide by Ammonia” Comb. and Flame 43 81 98 1981 10.1016/0010-2180(81)90008-0
- Kee, R.J. Rupley, F.M. Meeks, E. Miller, J.A. “CHEMKIN-III: A Fortran Chemical Kinetics Package for the Analysis of Gas-Phase Chemical and Plasma Kinetics Technical Report” SAND96-8216 Sandia National Laboratories 1996