This content is not included in your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Use of Renewable Oxygenated Fuels in Order to Reduce Particle Emissions from a GDI High Performance Engine
Technical Paper
2011-01-0628
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The use of oxygenated and renewable fuels is nowadays a widespread means to reduce regulated pollutant emissions produced by internal combustion engines, as well as to reduce the greenhouse impact of transportation. Besides PM, NOx and HC emissions, also the size distribution of particles emitted at the engine exhaust represent meaningful information, considering its adverse effects on the environment and human health. In this work, the results of a comprehensive investigation on the combustion characteristics and the exhaust emissions of a GDI high performance engine, fuelled with pure bio-ethanol and European gasoline, are shown. The engine is a 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, 1750 cm₃ displacement, and turbocharged. The engine was operated at different speed/load conditions and two fuel injection strategies were investigated: homogeneous charge mode and stratified charge mode. The particle size distribution at the engine exhaust was measured in the range 5-1000 nm using a differential mobility spectrometer. Simultaneously, the air-fuel mixing and the combustion process inside the cylinder were followed by means of high-speed imaging in the UV-visible. To this aim, the last cylinder was optically accessible through a sapphire window (5 mm wide) in the engine head. The particles size distributions measured at the engine exhaust for both gasoline and bio-ethanol show similar trends, suggesting a common route for the particles formation. For bio-ethanol the accumulation mode is shifted towards smaller sizes, which could be ascribed to the chemical and physical properties of the fuel, as observed by optical investigation of the fuel injection and combustion process. On the other hand, an increase of particles number concentration for stratified charge operating mode was observed for both fuels, due to the poorer air fuel mixing and the diffusive combustion of the fuel films deposited on the piston and cylinder wall.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Di Iorio, S., Lazzaro, M., Sementa, P., Vaglieco, B. et al., "Use of Renewable Oxygenated Fuels in Order to Reduce Particle Emissions from a GDI High Performance Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2011-01-0628, 2011, https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0628.Also In
References
- Varde, K., Jones, A., Knutsen, A., Mertz, D., and Yu, P. “Exhaust Emissions and Energy Release Rates from a Controlled Spark Ignition Engine using Ethanol Blends” Proc. ImechE Vol. 221, N.8 Part D: J. Autom. Eng, 933-941(2007)
- Maricq, M.M., Podsiadlik, D.H., Brehob, D.D., and Haghgooie, M., “Particulate Emissions from a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition (DISI) Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1530, 1999, doi:10.4271/1999-01-1530.
- Kittelson, D.B. “Engines and Nanoparticles: A Review”, J. Aerosol Sci. Vol. 29, No. 5/6, pp. 575-588, (1998).
- Harris, S.J., Maricq, M.M., “Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter”. J. Aerosol Science 32 (2001) 749-764
- Heywood, J.B., Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals., New York: McGraw-Hill 1988
- Symonds, J.P.R., Reavell, K. St.J., Olfert, J.S., Campbell, B.W., Swift, S.J. “Diesel Soot Mass Calculation in Real-Time with a Differential Mobility Spectrometer” Aerosol Science 38 52 - 68, (2007)
- Dekati, L., 2001, “Sampling automotive exhaust with a thermodenuder”. Dekati Ltd., Technical Note.
- Cheng, W. K., Summers, T., and Collings, N. “The Fast-Response Flame Ionization Detector”, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 24, 89-124. (1998).
- Mörsch, O., Sorsche, P., “Investigation of Alternative Methods to Determine Particulate Mass Emissions”, http://www.oica.net/htdocs/Main.htm
- Khalek, I.A., Kittelson, D.B., and Brear, F., “Nanoparticle Growth During Dilution and Cooling of Diesel Exhaust: Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Assessment,” SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0515, 2000, doi:10.4271/2000-01-0515.
- Zhao, F., Laia, M.-C., Harrington, D.L., “Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 25 437-562 (1999).
- Hirano, S., Nitta, H., Moriguchi, Y., Kobayashi, S., Kondo, Y., Tanabe, K., Kobayashi, T., Wakamatsu, S., Morita, M. and Yamazaki, S., “Nanoparticles in Emissions and Atmospheric Environment: Now and Future” J. of Nanoparticle Research 5: 311-321, 2003.
- Cromas, J. and Ghandhi, J.B., “Particulate Emissions from a Direct-Injection Spark-Ignition Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0103, 2005, doi:10.4271/2005-01-0103.
- Whelan, I., Samuel, S., and Hassaneen, A.E., “The Effect of Fuel Temperature on Particulate Matter Formation in Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines,” SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3(2):67-76, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-01-1469.
- Glassman, I, “Soot Formation in Combustion Processes”, Proc. Combust. Inst. (1988) 295-311.
- Etheridge, J. et al., Modelling soot formation in a DISI engine, Proc. Combust. Inst. (2010)
- Drake, M.C., Fansler, T.D., Solomon, A.S., and Szekely, G.A.Jr., “Piston Fuel Films as a Source of Smoke and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Wall-Controlled Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0547, 2003, doi:10.4271/2003-01-0547.
- Price, P., Twiney, B., Stone, R., Kar, K. et al., “Particulate and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Spray Guided Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine with Oxygenate Fuel Blends,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0472, 2007, doi:10.4271/2007-01-0472.
- Particulate Mass Measurement with DMS Series Fast Spectometer, Combustion Application Note DMS01.
- Burtscher, H., “Physical Characterization of Particulate Emissions from Diesel Engines: A Review”, Aerosol Science 36 896-932, (2005)
- Witze, P.O., Hall, M.J., Bennett, M.J., “Cycle-Resolved Measurements of Flame Kernel Growth and Motion Correlated with Combustion Duration,” SAE Technical Paper 900023, 1990, doi: 10.4271/900023.
- Nogi, T., Ohyama, Y., Yamauchi, T., and Kuroiwa, H., “Mixture Formation of Fuel Injection Systems in Gasoline Engines,” SAE Technical Paper 880558, 1988, doi: 10.4271/880558.
- Aleiferis, P.G., Serras-Pereira, J., van Romunde, Z., Caine, J., Wirth, M., “Mechanisms of Spray Formation and Combustion from a Multi-Hole Injector with E85 and Gasoline” Combustion and Flame 157 735-756 (2010)
- Bianco, Y., Cheng, W.K., and Heywood, J.B., “The Effects of Initial Flame Kernel Conditions on Flame Development in SI Engine,” SAE Technical Paper 912402, 1991, doi: 10.4271/912402.