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Performance and Emissions of Diesel and Alternative Diesel Fuels in a Modern Heavy-Duty Vehicle
Technical Paper
2009-01-2649
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
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English
Abstract
Conventional diesel fuel (1) has been on the market for decades and used successfully to run diesel engines of all sizes in many applications.* In order to reduce emissions and to foster energy source diversity, new fuels such as alternative and renewable, as well as new formulations, have entered the market. These include biodiesel, gas-to-liquid, and alternative formulations by states such as California.
Performance variations in fuel economy, emissions, and compatibility for these fuels have been evaluated and debated. In some cases, contradictory views have surfaced. “Renewable” and “clean” designations have been interchanged. Adding to the confusion, results from one fuel in one type of engine, such as an older heavy-duty engine, is at times compared to that of another type, such as a modern light-duty engine.
Two fuel suppliers, an engine manufacturer, and a large transit district have worked in partnership to conduct a large-scale fleet and emissions test to evaluate the performance of several diesel fuels in a controlled and statistically designed research program. California Air
Resources Board (CARB) diesel fuel (2), a 20% biodiesel blend (B20) (3), and gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel were tested for 18,000 miles in several modern urban buses.
Additional fuels were tested in a controlled environment in a heavy-duty chassis dynamometer facility, using the same engine type, to determine the emissions level and fuel economy.
This document provides a detailed description of the program along with statistical analysis of test results for eight diesel and alternative diesel fuels that cover a range of products used in the North American market.
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Citation
Nikanjam, M., Rutherford, J., Byrne, D., Lyford-Pike, E. et al., "Performance and Emissions of Diesel and Alternative Diesel Fuels in a Modern Heavy-Duty Vehicle," SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-2649, 2009, https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2649.Also In
References
- ASTM D975-09, “Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils”, Section 5, Volume 05.01, 2009
- Nikanjam, M. “Development of the First CARB Certified California Alternative Diesel Fuel” SAE Technical Paper 930728 , International Congress & Exposition March 1-5 1993
- ASTM D7467-09, “Standard Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend (B6 to B20), Section 5, Volume 05.04, 2009
- Code of Federal Regulations, CFR, Title 40, Protection of Environment, Part 86, Appendix I
- Eckerle, W. A. Lyford-Pike, E. J. Stanton, D. W. LaPointe, L. A. Whitacre, S. D. Wall, J. C “Effects of Methyl Ester Biodiesel Blends on NOx Emissions” SAE Technical Paper No. 2008-01-0078 2008
- McCormick, R. L. Williams, A. Ireland, J. Brimhall, M. Hayes, R. R. “Effects of Biodiesel Blends on Vehicle Emissions" National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Fiscal Year 2006 2006