This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Response of Neck Muscles to Rear Impact in the Presence of Bracing
Technical Paper
2006-01-2369
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
In this research, cervical muscle behavior in rear impact accidents was investigated. Specifically, cervical muscle forces and muscle lengthening velocities were investigated with respect to cervical injuries. Variation of the onset time for muscle activation, variation of muscle activation level and variation of rear impact pulses were considered. The human body simulation computer program, MADYMO and anthropometric numerical human model were used to evaluate the neck. The factors mentioned above were examined with specific data being obtained from several different literature sources.
Cervical muscles were separated into three groups, the sternocleidomastoideus, the flexor muscle group and the extensor muscle group. Longuscolli and spleniuscapitis were selected to represent the flexor muscle and extensor muscle groups respectively. The values and trends of the muscle forces and lengthening velocities are investigated in each muscle group. Known experimentally measured resting force values of three neck muscles were used to calculate the minimum force applied by all the muscle in the neck. The magnitude of bracing, the timing of onset of bracing and the timing of the impact acceleration all have an effect on muscle force, muscle lengthening velocity and head displacement. The flexor muscles appear to be more significant during rearward head excursion and the extensor muscles are more active during head-neck rebound. In the absence of specific injury criteria for cervical soft tissue, insight is given into the forces and other parameters that may relate to injury.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Lee, S., Wiechel, J., Morr, D., Ott, K. et al., "Response of Neck Muscles to Rear Impact in the Presence of Bracing," SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-2369, 2006, https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-2369.Also In
References
- van der Horst M. J. Human Head Neck Response in Frontal, Lateral and Rear End Impact Loading.-modeling and validation PhD thesis University of Eindhoven 2002
- Fung. Y.C. Biomechanics: Mechanical Properties of Living Tissues Springer-Verlag New York 1981
- Fehrenbach, Margaret J. Herring. Susan W. Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck S.B. Saunders Company 1996
- Hiatt, James L. Gartner. Leslie P. Textbook of Head and Neck Anatomy Williams & Wilkins 2nd 1987
- van der Horst, M.J. Thunnissen, J.G.M. Happee, R. van Haaster, R.M.H.P. Wismans. J.S.H.M. The Influence of Muscle Activity on Head-Neck Response During Impact Society of Automotive Engineers 1997 973346
- Cole, Gerald K. van den Bogert, Anton J. Herzog, Walter Gerritsen. Karin G.M. Modelling of Force Production in Skeletal Muscle Undergoing Strength Journal of Biomechanics 29 No. 8 1091 1104 1996
- Szabo, Thomas J. Welcher. Judson B. Human Subject Kinematics and Electromyographic Activity During Low Speed Rear Impacts Society of Automotive Engineers 1996 962432
- Van Ee, Chris A. Nightingale, Roger W. Camacho, Daniel L.A. Chancey, Valeta Carol Knaub, Kurt E. Sun, Emily A. Myers. Barry S. Tensile Properties of the Human Muscular and Ligamentous Cervical Spine Stapp Car Crash Journal 44 November 2000 85 102
- Nightingale, Roger W. Myers, Barry S. McEihaney, James H. Richardson, William J. Doherty. Brain J. The Influence of End Condition on Human Cervical Spine Injury Mechanisms Society of Automotive Engineers 1991 912915
- Brault, John R. Siegmund, Gunter P. Wheeler. Jeffrey B. Cervical Muscle Response during Whiplash: Evidence of a Lengthening Muscle Contraction Clinical Biomechanics 15 2000 426 435
- Mertz, J.J. Patrick. L.M. Strength and Response of the Human Neck Society of Automotive Engineers 1971 710855
- States. John D. Soft Tissue Injuries of the Neck Society of Automotive Engineers 1979 790135
- Yoganandan, Narayan A. Pintar, Frank D. Stemper, Brian B. Schlick, Michael Philippens, Mat Wismans. Jac Biomechanics of Human Occupants in Simulated Rear Crashes Documentation of Neck Injuries and Comparison of Injury Criteria
- Clemens, H.J. Burrow. K. Experimental Investigation on Injury Mechanisms of Cervical Spine at Frontal and Rear-Front Vehicle Impacts Society of Automotive Engineers 1972 720960
- Halldin, Peter H. Brolin, Karin Kleiven, Svein Holst, Hans von Jakobsson, Lotta Palmertz. Camilla Investigation of Conditions that affect Neck Compression-Flexion Injuries Using Numerical Techniques Stapp Car Crash Journal 44 November 2000 127 138
- Yoganandan, Narayan A. Frank Pintar, Srirangam Kumaresan. Biomechanical Assessment of Human Cervical Spine Ligaments Society of Automotive Engineers 1998 983159
- Yang, King H. Zhu, Fuchun Luan, Feng Zhao, Longmao Begeman. Paul C. Development of a Finite Element Model of the Human Neck Society of Automotive Engineers 1998 983157
- Armstrong, Richard W. Waters, Hal P. Stapp. J.P. Human Muscular Restraint During Sled Deceleration Society of Automotive Engineers 1968 680793
- Melvin. J.W. Human Neck Injury Tolerance Society of Automotive Engineers 1979 790136
- Berton. R.J. Whiplash: Tests of the Influential Variables Society of Automotive Engineers 1968 680080
- Ewing, C.L. Thomas, D.J. Lustick, L. Becker, E. Willems, G. Muzzy. W. H. The Effect of the Initial Position of the Head and Neck on the Dynamic Response of the Human and Neck to –Gx Impact Acceleration Society of Automotive Engineers 1975 751157
- Foust, David R. Chaffin, Don B. Snyder, Richard G. Baum. Janet K. Cervical Range of Motion and Dynamic Response and Strength of Cervical Muscles Society of Automotive Engineers 1973 730975
- Mcconnell, Whitman E. Howard, Richard P. Guzman, Herbert M. Bomar, John B. Raddin, James H. Benedict, James V. Smith, Harry L. Hatsell. Charles P. Analysis of Human Test Subject Kinematic Responses to Low Velocity Rear End Impacts Society of Automotive Engineers 1993 930889
- Deng, Bing Melvin, John W. Rouhana. Stephen W. Head-Neck Kinematics in Dynamic Forward Flexion Society of Automotive Engineers 1998 983156
- Kumaresan, Srirangam Yoganandan, Narayan Pintar. Frank A. Finite element modeling approaches of human cervical spine facet joint capsule Journal of Biomechanics 31 1998 371 376
- Pintar, Frank A. Yoganandan, N. Voo. Liming Effect of Age and Loading Rate on Human Cervical Spine Injury Threshold SPINE 23 Number 18 1957 1962 1998
- Camacho, Daniel L. Nightingale, Roger W. Robinette, Joseph J. Vanguri, Sanjay K. Coates, Douglas J. Myers. Barry S. Experimental Flexibility Measurements for the Development of a Computational Head-Neck Model Validated for Near-Vertex Head Impact Society of Automotive Engineers 1997 973345
- de Jager, M. Sauren, A. Thunnissen, J. Wismans. J. A Global and a Detailed Mathematical Model for Head-Neck Dynamics Society of Automotive Engineers 1996 962430
- TNO Crash Safety Centre Delft, The Netherlands MADYMO Application Manual, V6.0 2002
- TNO Crash Safety Centre Delft, The Netherlands MADYMO Theory Manual, V6.0 2002
- TNO Crash Safety Centre Delft, The Netherlands MADYMO Reference Manual, V6.0 2002
- Lee. S.G. “Cervical Muscle Behavior in Rear Impact,” Masters thesis The Ohio State University 2003