The Effect of Tailpipe Orientation on Carbon Monoxide Dispersion Patterns and Cyclist Exposure Levels

Authors

• F. AL Zudi - Oxford Brookes University
• S. Samuel - Oxford Brookes University
• D. Morrey - Oxford Brookes University
• S. Sehati - Oxford Brookes University
• C. Woolcock - Oxford Brookes University

Topic

• Carbon monoxide
• Fabrication

Citation

Also In

References

1. National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) Health Education Authority 12 1999
2. Kleinman, MT “Carbon monoxide: evaluation of current California air quality standards with respect to protection of children, Prepared for California Air Resource Board California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment” Irvine, CA September 2000
3. Fierro, MA O'Rourke, MK Burgess, JL “Adverse health effect of exposure to ambient CO” University of Arizona, College of Public health September 2001
4. AEAT http://www.aeat.com/netcen/annual_report/ 22 August 2005
5. Cortese, AD Spengler, JD “Ability of fixed monitoring stations to represent the personal CO exposure” Journal of Air Pollution Control Association 26 1144 1150 1976
6. Colwill, DM Hickman, AJ “Exposure of drivers to CO” Journal of Air Pollution Control Association 30 1316 1319 December 1980
7. Peterson, WB Allen, R “CO exposure to Los Angeles area commuters” Journal of air Pollution Control Association 32 826 833 1982
8. Akland, GG Hartwell, TD Johnson TR Whitmore RW “Measuring human exposure to CO in Washington, D.C. and Denver, Colorado, during the winter 1982-1983” Environmental Science and Technology 19 911 918 1985
9. Kickman, AJ “Personal exposure to CO and oxides of nitrogen” Research report number 206 Transport and road research Laboratory, department of Transport UK 1989
10. Rudolf, W “Concentration of air pollutants inside and outside cars driving in highways” The Science of the Total Environment 93 263 276 1990
11. Clifford MJ Clarke R Riffat SB “Exposure of drivers to carbon monoxide” Atmospheric Environment 31 1003 1009 1997
12. Chan, LY Liu, YM “CO levels in popular passenger commuting modes traversing major commuting routs in Hong Kong” Atmospheric Environment 35 2637 2646 2001
13. Ott, WR Flachsbart, P “Measurement of CO concentration in indoor and outdoor location using personal exposure monitor” Environmental Int. 8 295 204 1982
14. Flachsbart, PG “Methodological trends in the design of recent microenvironmental studies of personal CO exposure” Atmospheric Environment 22 525 235 1988
15. van Wijnen, JH Verhoeff, AP Jans, HWA van Bargen, M “Exposure of cyclist, car drivers and pedestrians traffic-related-air pollutants” International Achieves of Occupational and Environmental Health 67 187 193 1995
16. Harlos, DP Spengler, JD “In combustion process and the quality of the indoor environment” Harper JP A&WMA transaction series 15 A&WMA Pittsburgh, PA 108 110 1989
17. Bevan, M Proctor, C Baker-Rogers, J “Exposure to CO, respirable suspended particulate, and VOCs while commuting by bicycles” Environmental Science Technology 25 788 791 1991
18. Chaloulakou A Duci A Spyrellis N “Exposure to carbon monoxide in enclosed multi level parking garages in central Athens urban areas” Indoor Built Environment 11 191 201 2002
19. Frey HC Unal A Rouphail NM Colyar JD “On-road measurement of vehicle tailpipe emission using portable instrument” Air and waste Management association 53 992 1002 2003
20. Raub, JA Benignus, VA “CO and the nervous system, Neuroscience and Bio-behavioral Reviews” 26 925 940 2002
21. Krzyzanowski, M Kuna-Dibbert, B Schneider, J “Health effect of transport-related air pollution” World Health Organization WHO 92-890-1373-7 2004
22. Rodkey, FL O'Neal, JD Collison, HA Uddin DE “Relative affinity of haemoglobin S and haemoglobin A for carbon monoxide and oxygen” Clin. Chem. 20 83 84 1974
23. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Revised Evaluation of Health Effects Associated with Carbon Monoxide Exposure: An Addendum to the l979 EPA Air Quality 1984
24. Flachsbart, PG Mack, GA “CO exposures of Washington commuters” Journal of Air pollution and Control Association 37 135 142 1987
25. Beard, RR Wertheim, GA “Behavioral impairment associated with small doses of CO” American Journal of Public Health 57 2012 2022 1967
26. Health Canada and Environment Canada “National Ambient Air Quality Objectives for Carbon Monoxide” CEPA/FPAC Working Group on Air Quality Objectives and Guidelines, The Departments Ottawa and Toronto 1994
27. World Health Organization “Carbon monoxide, environmental health Criteria 213” Geneva WHO 1999
28. Varon, J Marik, PE Fromm, RE Gueler, A “Carbon monoxide poisoning: A review for Clinicians” The journal of Emergency Med. 17 87 93 1999
29. Godin, G Wright, G Shephard, RJ “Urban exposure to CO” Arch. Environmental health 25 305 313 1972
30. Burnett, RT Dales, RE Brook, JR Raizenne, ME Krewski, D “Association between ambient CO levels and hospitalization for congestive heart failure in the elderly in 10 Canadian cities” Epidemiology 8 162 167 1997
31. Morris, RD Naumova, EN Munasinghe, RL “Ambient air pollution and hospitalization for congestive heart failure among elderly people in seven U.S. Cities” American Journal of public health 85 1361 1365 1995
32. World Health Organization “Air quality guideline for Europe” Geneva 1987
33. Leung, PL Harrison, RM “Roadside and in-vehicle concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons” Atmospheric Environment 33 191 204 1999
34. Georgoulis, LB Hanninen, O Samoli, E Katsouyanni, K Kunzli, N Polanska, L Bruinen, de Bruin, Y Alm, S Jantunen, M “Personal CO exposure in five European cities and its determinants” Atmospheric Environment 36 963 974 2002
35. COUNCIL DIRECTIVE “on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the external projections of motor vehicles” 266 2 10 1974 4 1974
36. Oxford City Council http://www.oxford-airwatch.aeat.co.uk/annual_summary/2004_Oxford_Centre_Roadside.doc 20 October 2005
37. http://www.mappy.com/ 20 October 2005
38. Oxford City Council http://www.oxford-airwatch.aeat.co.uk/annual_summary/2004_Oxford_Centre_Roadside.doc 2004 20 October 2005

Cited By