This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Injury Pattern and Response of Human Thigh under Lateral Loading Simulating Car-Pedestrian Impact
Technical Paper
2004-01-1603
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The main objective of the present study is to determine experimentally the injury patterns and response of the human thigh in lateral impacts simulating more closely the real impact conditions in car-pedestrian accidents. We conducted in-vitro experiments on thirteen thighs of eight completely intact Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHSs). The thigh was hit by a ram at a speed of 35 km/h at the mid-shaft of the femur in each completely intact PMHS. Since the effect of cumulative injuries should be avoided, each thigh was impacted only once. Three impact energies were used; 450J, 600J and 700J. The PMHS motion was not constrained so as to simulate the walking posture of a pedestrian. We analyzed the peak values of the impact force of the ram and the femur acceleration. Injury was assessed by dissecting the lower extremities.
The main injury sustained at the impact energy of 600J and 700J was either a femur diaphysis wedge fracture or a femur complete oblique fracture accompanied by an incomplete fracture line that nearly produced a wedge. In test results obtained by means of one PMHS, a knee ligament injury was observed at the impact energy of 450J (left thigh), while a femur wedge fracture was observed at 600J (right thigh). Therefore, the type of injury was affected by the impact energy level. Based on the present data regarding the normalized impact force and femur fracture, the risk curve for a femur fracture was determined. This risk curve indicated that the normalized impact forces of 8.8 kN and 9.5 kN corresponded to a 0.2 and 0.5 probability of femur fracture, respectively. The mean maximum normalized femur acceleration in femur fracture cases (207 G (SD 58)) was lower than that in no injury (intact) cases (266 G (SD 63)). This suggested that femur acceleration was not a good indicator of femur fracture in this study.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Matsui, Y., Schroeder, G., and Bosch, U., "Injury Pattern and Response of Human Thigh under Lateral Loading Simulating Car-Pedestrian Impact," SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-1603, 2004, https://doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-1603.Also In
Vehicle Aggressivity and Compatibility, Structural Crashworthiness, and Pedestrian Safety
Number: SP-1878; Published: 2004-03-08
Number: SP-1878; Published: 2004-03-08
References
- AAAM ‘Abbreviated Injury Scale - 1990 Revision’ Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 1990
- Bhalla K. Bose D. Madeley J. Kerrigan J. Crandall J. Longhitano D. Takahashi Y. ‘Evaluation of the Response of Mechanical Pedestrian Knee Joint Impactors in Bending and Shearing Loading’ Proceeding of 18 th International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD) 2003
- Bunketorp O. Romanus B. Hansson T. Aldman B. Thorngren L. Eppinger R. ‘Experimental Study of a Compliant Bumper System’ Proceeding of 27 th STAPP Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, paper 831623 1983 287 297
- Cesari D. Ramet M. ‘Pelvis Tolerance and Protection Criteria in Side Impact’ Proceeding of 26 th STAPP Car Crash Conference, Society of Automobile Engineers, paper 821159 1982 145 154
- Cesari D. Ramet M. Bouquet R. ‘Tolerance of Human Pelvis to Fracture and Proposed Pelvic Protection Criterion to be Measured on Side Impact Dummies’ Proceeding of 9 th International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles 1982 261 269
- Cesari D. Ramet M. Clair P. ‘Evaluation of Pelvic Fracture Tolerance in Side Impact’ Proceeding of 24 th STAPP Car Crash Conference, Society of Automobile Engineers, paper 801306 1980 231 253
- Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) National Center for Statistics and Analysis ‘National Accident Sampling System Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS), 1998 Data Collection, Coding and Editing Manual’ U. S. Washington, D. C. 1998
- Edwards K. Green J. ‘Analysis of the Inter Relationship of Pedestrian Leg and Pelvis Injuries’ Proceeding of 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 1999 355 369
- Eppinger R. Marcus J. Morgan R. ‘Development of Dummy and Injury Index for NHTSA's Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program’ SAE Transactions Section 4, paper 840885 1984 359 387
- European Enhanced Vehicle-safety Committee (EEVC) ‘Improved Test Methods to Evaluate Pedestrian Protection Afforded by Passenger Cars’ EEVC Working Group 17 Report 1998
- Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis of Japan (ITARDA) ‘Annual Traffic Accident Report in 2001’ Tokyo 2002
- Kajzer J. Cavallero C. Ghanouchi S. Bonnoit J. Ghorbel A. ‘Response of the Knee Joint in Lateral Impact: Effect of Shearing Loads’ Proceeding of 1990 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 1990 293 304
- Kajzer J. Matsui Y. Ishikawa H. Schroeder G. Bosch U. ‘Shearing and Bending Effect at the Knee Joint at Low Speed Lateral Loading’ SAE Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars 1999 108 1159 1170
- Kajzer J. Schroeder G. Ishikawa H. Matsui Y. Bosch U. ‘Shearing and Bending Effect at the Knee Joint at High Speed Lateral Loading’ SAE Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars 1997 106 3682 3696
- Kent R. Funk J. ‘Data Censoring and Parametric Distribution Assignment in the Development of Injury Risk Functions from Biomechanical Data SAE International Congress & Exposition, Society of Automobile Engineers, paper 2004-01-0317 2004
- Kerrigan J. Bhalla K. Madeley N. Funk J. Bose D. Crandall J. ‘Experiments for Establishing Pedestrian-Impact Lower Limb Injury Criteria’ SAE International Congress & Exposition, Society of Automobile Engineers, paper 2003-01-0895 2003
- Konosu A. Ishikawa H. Sasaki A. ‘A Study on Pedestrian Impact Test Procedure by Computer Simulation-The Upper Legform to Bonnet Leading Edge Test’ Proceeding of 16 th International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles 1998 2349 2356
- Mather B. ‘Variation with Age and Sex in Strength of the Femur’ Medical and Biological Engineering 6 1968 129 132
- Matsui Y. Ishikawa H. Sasaki A. ‘Pedestrian Injuries Induced by the Bonnet Leading Edge in Current Car-Pedestrian Accidents’ SAE Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars 1999 108 1171 1178
- Matsui Y. Kajzer J. Wittek A. Ishikawa H. Schroeder G. Bosch U. ‘Injury Pattern and Tolerance of Human Pelvis Under Lateral Loading Simulating Car-pedestrian Impact’ SAE International Congress & Exposition, Society of Automobile Engineers, paper 2003-01-0165 2003
- Matsui Y. Wittek A. Konosu A. ‘Comparison of Pedestrian Subsystem Safety Tests Using Impactors and Full-Scale Dummy Tests’ SAE Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars: Mechanical Systems Journal 2002 111 1449 1464
- Mertz H. Prasad P. Nusholtz G. ‘Head Injury Risk Assessment for Forehead Impacts’ SAE Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars 1996 105 26 46
- Messerer O. ‘Uber Elasticitat and Festigkeit der Menschlichen Knochen’ Stuttgart, Cotta 1880
- Nakahira Y. Furukawa K. Niimi H. Ishihara T. Miki K. Matsuoka F. ‘A Combined Evaluation Method and a Modified Maximum Likelihood Method for Injury Risk Curves’ Proceeding of 2000 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 2000 147 155
- Nusholtz G. Alem N. Melvin J. ‘Impact Response and Injury of the Pelvis’ Proceeding of 26 th STAPP Car Crash Conference, Society of Automobile Engineers, paper 821160 1982 103 144
- Pritz H. Pereira J. ‘Pedestrian Hip Impact Simulator Development and Hood Edge Location Consideration on Injury Severity’ Proceeding of 27 th STAPP Car Crash Conference, Society of Automotive Engineers, paper 831627 1983 319 327
- Ramet M. Cesari D. ‘Experimental Study of Pelvis Tolerance in Lateral Impact’ Proceeding of 1979 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 1979 243 24
- Takeuchi K. Bunketorp O. Ishikawa H. Kajzer J. ‘Car-Pedestrian Accidents in Gothenburg during Ten Years’ Proceeding of 1998 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts 1998 87 98
- Wang L. Banglmaier R. Prasad P. ‘Injury Risk Assessment of Several Crash Data Sets’ SAE International Congress & Exposition, Society of Automobile Engineers, paper 2003-01-1214 2003
- Yamada H. ‘Strength of Biological Materials’ The Williams and Wilkins Company Baltimore 1970