Biomechanical and Scaling Bases for Frontal and Side Impact Injury Assessment Reference Values

Authors

• Harold J. Mertz - General Motors Corporation
• Annette L. Irwin - General Motors Corporation
• Priya Prasad

Topic

• Passive restraint systems
• Side impact crashes
• Anthropometric test devices
• Safety regulations and standards
• Biomechanics

Citation

Also In

References

1. AAMA 1998 Proposal for dummy response limits for FMVSS 208 compliance testing Docket No. NHTSA 98-4405, Notice 1. AAMA S98-13, Attachment C
2. AGARD 1996 Anthropomorphic dummies for crash and escape system testing AGARD-AR-330 33 40 Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development NATO
3. Alliance 1999 Dummy response limits for FMVSS 208 compliance testing Docket No. NHTSA-99-6407, Notice 1. Annex 2 of Alliance Submission
4. Begeman P.C. Pratima K. Prasad P. 1999 Bending strength of the human cadaveric forearm due to lateral loads Proc. 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference 343 350 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
5. Bendjellal F. Walfisch G. Fayon A. Tarrière C. 1984 APR biomechanical data Nanterre, France
6. Cavanaugh J.M. Zhu Y. Huang Y. King A.I. 1993 Injury response of the thorax in side impact cadaveric tests Proc. 37th Stapp Car Crash Conference 199 221 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
7. Cavanaugh J.M. Wallico T. Chung J. King A.I. 1996 Abdominal injury and response in side impact Proc 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference 1 16 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
8. Césari D. Ramet M. Clair P-Y. 1980 Evaluation of pelvic fracture tolerance in side impact Proc. 24th Stapp Car Crash Conference 229 253 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
9. Cheng R. Yang K. Levine R.S. King A.I. 1984 Dynamic impact loading of the femur under passive restrained condition Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference 101 118 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
10. Denton R. Morgan C. 1987 An overview of existing sensors for the Hybrid III anthropomorphic dummy SAE 876048 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy PT 44 83 93 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
11. Donnelly B. R. Roberts D.P. 1987 Comparison of cadaver Hybrid III dummy response to axial impacts of the femur Proc. 31st Stapp Car Crash Conference 105 116 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
12. Eppinger R.H Augustyn K. Robins D.H. 1978 Development of a promising universal thoracic trauma prediction methodology Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 209 268 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
13. Foret-Bruno J-Y. Hartman F. Thomas C Fayon A. Tarrière C Got C Patel A. 1978 Correlation between thoracic lesions and force values measured at the shoulder of 92 belted occupants involved in real accidents Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 269 292 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
14. Got C Patel A. Fayon A. Tarrière C Walfisch G. 1978 Results of experimental head impacts on cadavers: the various data obtained and their relations to some measured physical parameters Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 55 99 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
15. Got C Guillon F. Patel A. Mack P. Brun-Cassan F. Fayon A. Tarrière C. Hureau J. 1983 Morphological and biomechanical study of 146 human skulls used in experimental impacts in relation with the observed injuries Proc. 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference 241 259 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
16. Hirsch G. Sullivan L. 1965 Experimental knee joint fractures - a preliminary report ACTA Orthopaedica Scandinavica 36
17. Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. 1972 Effect of long-duration impact on head Proc. 16th Stapp Car Crash Conference 292 295 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
18. Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. Brinn J. 1973 Concussion levels determined by HPR windshiled impacts Proc 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference 171 190 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
19. Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. 1977 Breaking strength of the human skull versus impact surface curvature DOT-HS-146-2-230. Wayne State University Detroit MI
20. Irwin A.L. 1994 Analysis and CAL3D model of the shoulder and thorax responses of seven cadavers subjected to lateral impacts PhD Thesis Wayne State University Detroit, MI
21. Irwin A.L. Mertz H.J. 1997 Biomechanical Bases for the CRABI and Hybrid III Child Dummies Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference 1 12 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
22. Irwin A.L. Mertz H.J. Elhagediab A.M. Moss S. 2002 Guidelines for assessing the biofidelity of side impact dummies Stapp Car Crash Journal 46 297 319
23. ISO/DTR 7861 2001 Road Vehicles- Injury risk curves to evaluate occupant protection in simulated frontal collisions ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 Document N540 Geneva
24. ISO/DTR 12350 2002 Road Vehicles – Injury risk curves to evaluate occupant protection in side impact Geneva
25. King J.J. Fan R.S. Vargovick R.J. 1973 Femur load injury criteria Proc. 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference 509 524 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
26. Kirkish S.L. Begeman P.C. Paravasthu N.S. 1996 Proposed provisional reference values for the humerus for evaluation of injury potential Proc. 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference 75 84 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
27. Klopp G. Crandall J. Hall G. Pilkey W. Harwitz S. Kuppa S. 1997 Mechanisms of injury and injury criteria for the human foot and ankle in dynamic axial impacts to the foot Proc. 1997 IRCOBI Conference 73 86 Hanover, Germany
28. Kroell C.K. Schneider D.C. Nahum A.M. 1972 Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference 84 134 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
29. Kroell C.K. Schneider D.C. Nahum A.M. 1974 Impact tolerance and response of the human thorax II Proc. 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference 383 457 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
30. Laituri T.R. Prasad P. Kachnowski B.P. Sullivan K. Przybylo P.A. 2003 Predictions of AIS 3+ thoracic risks for belted occupants in full-engagement, real-world frontal impacts: sensitivity to various theoretical risk curves SAE 2003-01-1355 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
31. Leung Y.C. Hue B. Fayon A. Tarrière C. Hamon H. Got C. Patel A. Hureau J. 1983 Study of knee-thigh-hip protection criterion Proc. 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference 351 364 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
32. Lissner H.R. Lebow M. Evans F.G. 1960 Experimental studies on the relationship between acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics 3 329 338
33. Lund A.K. 2003 Recommended procedures for evaluating occupant injury risk from deploying side airbags TWG Report, First Revision Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
34. Marcus J.H. Morgan R.M. Eppinger R.H. Kallieris D. Mattern R. Schmidt G. 1983 Human response to injury from lateral impact Proc. 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference 419 432 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
35. Melvin J.W. Stalnaker R.L. Alem N.M. Benson J.B. Mohan D. 1975 Impact response and tolerance of the lower extremities Proc. 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference 543 559 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
36. Melvin J.W. Nusholtz G.S. 1980 Tolerance and response of the knee-femur-pelvis complex to axial impacts: impact sled test UM-HSRI-80-27 University of Michigan, Highway Safety Research Institute Ann Arbor, MI
37. Melvin J.W. 1995 Injury Assessment Reference Values for the CRABI 6-month infant dummy in rear-facing infant restraint with airbag deployment SAE 950872 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
38. Mertz H.J. Patrick L.M. 1967 Investigation of the kinematics and kinetics of whiplash Proc. 11th Stapp Car Crash conference 267 317 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
39. Mertz H.J. Gadd C.W. 1971 Thoracic tolerance to whole-body deceleration Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference 135 157 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
40. Mertz H.J. Patrick L.M. 1971 Strength and response of the human neck Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference 207 255 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
41. Mertz H.J. Nyquist G.W. Hodgson V.R. Thomas L.M. 1978 An assessment of compressive neck loads under injury-producing conditions The Physician and Sports Medicine 6 11 McGraw-Hill Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy PT-44 495 519 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
42. Mertz H.J. Driscoll G.D. Lenox J.B. Nyquist G.W. Weber D.A. 1982 Response of animals exposed to deployment of various passenger inflatable restraint system concepts for a variety of collision severities and animal positions Ninth Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference 352 368 Kyoto, Japan SAE 826047
43. Mertz H.J. Weber D.A. 1982 Interpretations of the impact responses of a 3-year-old child dummy relative to child injury potential Ninth Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference 368 376 Kyoto, Japan SAE 826048, SP-736 1988
44. Mertz H.J. 1984 Injury Assessment Values Used to Evaluate Hybrid III Response Measurements NHTSA Docket 74-14, Notice 32. General Motors Submission USG 2284, Attachment 1, Enclosure 2 March 22 1984 1984 ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 Document N180 1994 Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy PT44 407 422 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
45. Mertz H.J. 1985 A Procedure for Normalizing impact response data SAE 840884 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
46. Mertz H.J. 1988 Restraint performance of the 1973-76 GM Air Cushion Restraint System SAE 880400 , SP-736 61 71 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
47. Mertz H.J. Irwin A.L. Melvin J.W. Stalnaker R.L. Beebe M.S. 1989 Size, Weight and Biomechanical Impact Response Requirements for Adult Size Small Female and Large Male Dummies SAE 890756 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
48. Mertz H.J. Horsch J.D. Horn G. Lowne R.W. 1991 Hybrid III sternal deflection associated with thoracic injury severities of occupants restrained with force-limiting shoulder belts SAE 910812 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
49. Mertz H.J. 1993 Anthropomorphic Test Devices Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention Nahum A.M. Melvin J.W. 64 84 Springer-Verlag New York
50. Mertz H.J. Prasad P. Nusholtz G. 1996 Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts SAE 960099 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
51. Mertz H.J. Prasad P. Nusholtz G. 1997 Head injury risk assessments based on 15 ms HIC and peak head acceleration cirteria AGARD Conference Proceedings – Impact Head Injury: Responses, Mehanisms, Tolerance, Treatment and Countermeasures AGARD-CP-597, Ch. 11 Canada Comm. Group, Inc. Canada
52. Mertz H.J. Prasad P. Irwin A.L. 1997 Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference 13 30 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
53. Mertz H.J. Prasad P. 2000 Improved neck injury risk curves for tension and extension moment measurements of crash test dummies Stapp Car Crash Journal 44 59 75
54. Mertz H.J. Jarret K. Moss S. Salloum M. Zhou Y. 2001 The Hybrid III 10-year-old dummy Stapp Car Crash Journal 45 319 328
55. Mertz H.J. 2002a Anthropomorphic Test Devices Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention 2nd Nahum A.M. Melvin J.W. 72 88 Springer-Verlag New York
56. Mertz H.J. 2002b Injury assessments based on dummy responses Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention 2nd Nahum A.M. Melvin J.W. 89 102 Springer-Verlag New York
57. Morgan R.M. Eppinger R.H. Marcus J.H. 1989 Human cadaver patella-femur-pelvis injury due to dymanic frontal loading to the patella 12th Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference Gothenborg, Sweden
58. Morgan R.M. Eppinger R.H. Haffner M.P. Yoganandan N. Pintar F.A. Sances A. Crandell J.R. Pilkey W.D. Klopp G.S. Kallieris D. Miltner E. Mattern R. Kuppa S.M. Sharpless C.L. 1994 Thoracic trauma assessment formulations for restrained drivers in simulated frontal impacts Proc. 38th Stapp Car Crash Conference 15 34 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
59. Nahum A.M. Smith R.W. 1976 An experimental model for closed head impact injury Proc. 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference 783 814 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
60. Nahum A.M. Smith R.W. Ward C.C. 1977 Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact Proc. 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference 337 366 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
61. Neathery R.F. Kroell C.K. Mertz H.J. 1975 Prediction of thoracic injury from dummy responses Proc. 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference 295 316 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
62. Nusholtz G.S. Lux P. Kaiker P. Janicki K.A. 1984 Head impact response – skull deformation and angular accelerations Proc. 28th Stapp Car Carsh Conference 41 74 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
63. Nyquist G.W. Begeman P.C. King A.I. Mertz H.J. 1980 Correlation of field injuries and GM Hybrid III dummy response for lap-shoulder belt restraint Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 102 2 103 109 American Society of Mechanical Engineers New York
64. Nyquist G.W. Cheng R. El-Bohy A. King A.I. 1985 Tibia bending: strength and response Proc. 29th Stapp Car Crash Conference 99 112 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
65. Nyquist G.W. Denton R.A 1978 Crash test dummy lower leg instrumentation for axial force and bending moment Transactions of the Instrument Society of America 18 3 Hybrid III: The First Human-like Crash Test Dummy PT 44 359 368 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
66. Ono K. Kikuchi A. Nakamura M. Kobayashi H. Nakamura N. 1980 Human head tolerance to sagittal impact: reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using sub-human primates and human cadaver skulls Proc. 24th Stapp Car Crash conference 101 160 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
67. Patrick L.M. Lissner H.R. Gurdjian E.S. 1965 Survival by design- head protection Proc. 7th Stapp Car Crash Conference 483 499 Charles C. Thomas Springfield, IL
68. Patrick L.M. Kroell C.K. Mertz H.J. 1966 Forces on the human body in simulated crashes Proc. 9th Stapp Car Crash Conference 237 259 University of Minnesota
69. Patrick L.M. Mertz H.J. Kroell C.K. 1967 Cadaver knee, chest and head impact loads Proc. 11th Stapp Car Crash Conference 168 182 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
70. Patrick L.M. Bohlin N. Anderson A. 1974 Three-point harness accident and laboratory data comparison Proc. 18th Stapp Car Crash Conference 201 282 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
71. Pintar F.A. Yoganandan N. Eppinger R.H. 1998 Response and tolerance of the human forearm to impact loading Proc. 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 65 74 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
72. Powell W.R. Odala S.J. Advani S.H. Martin R.B. 1975 Cadaver femur responses to longitudinal impacts Proc. 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference 561 579 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
73. Prasad P. Daniel R.P. 1984 Biomechanical analysis of head, neck and torso injuries to child surrogates due to sudden acceleration Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference 25 40 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
74. Prasad P. Mertz H.J. 1985 The position of the United States delegation to the ISO Working Group 6 on the use of HIC in the automotive environment SAE 851246 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
75. Prasad P. Kim A. Weerappuli D. 1997 Biofidelity of anthropomorphic test devices for rear impact Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference 387 415 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
76. Roberts D.P. Donnelly B.R. Morgan R. 1987 Cadaver response to axial impacts of the femur 11th International Technical Conference of Experimental Safety Vehicles 311 317 Washington, D.C.
77. Rouhana S.W. Jedrzejczak E.A. McCleary J.D. 1990 Assessing the submarining and abdominal injury risk in the Hybrid III family of dummies: Part II – development of the small female frangible abdomen Proc. 34th Stapp Car Crash Conference 145 173 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
78. SAE J885 1986 Human tolerance to impact conditions as related to motor vehicle design Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
79. Shams T. Beach D. White R.P. Rangarajan N. Haffner M. Eppinger R. Pritz H. Kuppa S. Beebe M. 1999 Development and design of THOR-Lx: The THOR lower extremity Proc. 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference 141 160 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
80. Shams T. Beach D. Huang T. Rangarajan N. Haffner M. 2002 Development and design of THOR-FLx: A biofidelic lower extremity for use with 5 th percentile female crash test dummies Stapp Car Crash Journal 46 267 283
81. Stapp J.P. 1970 Voluntary human tolerance Impact Injury and Crash Protection 308 349 Charles C. Thomas Springfield, IL
82. Stalnaker R.L. Melvin J.W. Nusholtz G.S. Alem N.K. Benson J.B. 1977 Head impact response Proc. 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference 303 335 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
83. Tarrière C Walfisch G. Fayon A. Rosey J.P. Got C Patel A. Delmas A. 1979 Synthesis of human tolerances obtained from lateral impact simulations 7th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles 359 373 Paris, France SAE 796033 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
84. Tarriére C Walfisch G. Fayon A. Got C Guillon F. Patel A. Hureau J. 1982 Acceleration jerk and neck flexion angle: their respective influences on the occurrence of brain injury ISO/TC22/SC12/WG6 Document N1 18
85. Tarriére C. 1987 Relationship between experimental measuring techniques and real world injuries, in head injury mechanisms Symposium report September 30, 1987 New Orleans, LA AAAM and Volvo Car Corporation
86. Versace J. 1971 A review of the severity index Proc. 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference 771 796 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
87. Viano D.C. Khalil T.B. 1976 Investigation of impact response and fracture of the human femur by finite element modeling SAE 760773 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
88. Viano D.C. Culver C.C. Haut R.C. 1978 Bolster Impacts to the knee and tibia of human cadavers and an anthropomorphic dummy Proc. 22nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 401 428 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
89. Viano D.C. 1989 Biomechanical responses and injuries in blunt lateral impact Proc. 33rd Stapp Car Crash Conference 113 142 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
90. Wolanin M.J. Mertz H.J. Nyznyk R.S. Vincent J.H. 1982 Description and basis of a three-year-old child dummy for evaluating passenger inflatable restraint concepts Ninth Experimental Safety Vehicle Conference 287 299 Kyoto, Japan Automatic Occupant Protection Systems 1 16 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
91. Yamada H. 1970 Strength of Biological Materials Williams & Wilkins Co Baltimore, MD
92. Zuby D.S. Nolan J.M. Sherwood C.P. 2001 Effect of Hybrid III leg geometry on upper tibia bending moments. Biomechanics Research and Development SP-1577 1 13 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA

Cited By