This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Injury Risk Functions for the 5 th Percentile Female Upper Extremity
Technical Paper
2003-01-0166
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The widespread implementation of air bags has increased the incidence of upper extremity injuries in the automotive crash environment. The first step in reducing these injuries is to determine applicable upper extremity injury criteria. The purpose of this paper is to develop injury risk functions for the fifth percentile female forearm, humerus, wrist, and elbow. Injury tolerance data for each anatomical region were gathered from experiments with controlled impact loading of disarticulated small female cadaver upper extremities. This technique allowed for the applied load to be directly quantified. All data were mass scaled to the fifth percentile female. In order to develop the risk functions, the logit distribution was integrated for the uncensored data, while logistic regression and generalized estimating equations statistical analysis techniques were used for censored data. The risk functions predict a 50% risk of injury at 128 Nm bending of the humerus, 58 Nm bending of the forearm, 1700 N axial loading of the wrist, and 1780 N axial loading of the elbow. A modified dummy upper extremity has been designed for the evaluation of frontal and side air bag interactions, and it is recommended that the injury criteria be implemented directly in the dummy upper extremity.
Recommended Content
Technical Paper | Fracture Tolerance of the Small Female Elbow Joint in Compression: The Effect of Load Angle Relative to the Long Axis of the Forearm |
Technical Paper | Safety Belt Testing Apparatus |
Authors
Citation
Duma, S., Boggess, B., Bass, C., and Crandall, J., "Injury Risk Functions for the 5th Percentile Female Upper Extremity," SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-0166, 2003, https://doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0166.Also In
SAE 2003 Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems
Number: V112-6; Published: 2004-09-15
Number: V112-6; Published: 2004-09-15
References
- Bass R. C. Duma S. M. Crandall J. R. Morris R. Martin P. Pilkey W. D. Hurwitz S. Khaewpong N. Eppinger R. Sun E. 1997 The Interaction of Air Bags With Upper Extremities SAE Paper 973324 Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference 101 110 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Duma S. M. Crandall J. R. Hurwitz S. R. Pilkey W. D. 1998 Small female upper extremity interaction with a deploying side air bag Proc. 42nd Stapp Car Crash Conference 47 63 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Duma S. M. Schreiber P. H. McMaster J. D. Crandall J. R. Bass C. R. Pilkey W. D. “Dynamic Injury Tolerance for Long Bones in the Female Upper Extremity,” Journal of Anatomy 194 Part 3 463 71 1999
- Duma S. M. Boggess B. M. Crandall J. R. Hurwitz S. R. 2001 Upper extremity interaction with a side airbag: the effect of a door handgrip Proc. of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Washington, DC
- Duma S. M. Boggess B. M. Crandall J. R. Mac Mahon C. B. 2002 Fracture Tolerance of the Small Female Elbow Joint in Compression: The Effect of Load Angle Relative to the Long Axis of the Forearm Proc. 46th Stapp Car Crash Conference Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Duma S. Boggess B. Crandall J. Mac Mahon C. “Injury Risk Function for the Small Female Wrist in Axial Loading,” Accident Analysis and Prevention in press 2003
- Eppinger R. H. Marcus J. H. Morgan R. M. 1984 Development of Dummy and Injury Index for NHTSA’s Thoracic Side Impact Protection Research Program SAE paper 840885 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Hardy W. N. Schneider L. W. Reed M. P. Ricci L. L. 1997 Biomechanical Investigation of Airbag-induced Upper-extremity Injuries Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference 101 110 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Jaffredo A. S. Potier P. Robin S. Jean-Yves L. C. Lassau J. P. 1998 Upper Extremity Interaction with Side Impact Bags International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact Goteborg, Sweden
- Huelke D. F. Ryan G. Schneider L. W. Upper Extremity Injuries from Steering Wheel Airbag Deployments SAE Paper 970493 SAE International Congress and Exposition Detroit, Michigan 1997
- Jernigan M. Duma S. “The Effects of Airbag Deployment on Severe Upper Extremity Injuries in Frontal Automobile Accidents,” American Journal of Emergency Medicine in press 2002
- Kallieris D. Rizzetti A. Mattern R. Jost S. Priemer P. Unger M. 1997 Response and Vulnerability of the Upper Arm Through Side Airbag Deployment Proc. 41st Stapp Car Crash Conference 101 110 Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Kirkish S. L. Begeman P. C. Paravasthu N. S. Proposed Provisional Reference Values for the Humerus for Evaluation of Injury Potential SAE Paper 962416 40th Stapp International Car Crash Conference 1996
- Kuppa S. M. Yeiser C. W. Oslon M. B. Taylor L. Morgan R. Eppinger R. RAID - An Investigation Tool to Study Air Bag/Upper Extremity Interactions SAE Paper 970399 SAE International Congress and Exposition Detroit, Michigan 1997
- Liang K-Y Zeger S. L. 1986 Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models Biometrika 73 13 22
- McCullagh P. Nelder J. A. 1989 Generalized Linear Models Chapman & Hall New York
- Motoshima T. 1960 Studies of the Strength for Bending of Human Long Extremity Bones Journal Kyoto Pref. Univ. Med. 68 1377 1397
- National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Third Report to Congress: Effectiveness of Occupant Protection Systems and Their Use, U. S. Department of Transportation December 1996