This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Experimental Determination of Adult and Pediatric Neck Scale Factors
Technical Paper
2002-22-0020
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine scale factors for small, mid-size and large adults using a caprine model. In a previous study conducted in our lab, scaling relationships were developed to define cervical spine tolerance values of children using caprine specimens. In that study, tolerances were normalized with respect to an average adult. Because airbag-related injuries are associated with out-of-position children and small adult females, additional experimental data are needed to better estimate human tolerance. In the present study, cervical spine radiographs from the 5th, 50th and 95th percentile human adults were used to determine vertebral body heights for small, mid-size and large anthropometries. Mean human vertebral body heights were computed for each anthropometry and were normalized with respect to mid-size anthropometry. Similar measurements were calculated from caprine cervical spine radiographs and each caprine specimen was grouped into one of the three categories based upon vertebral body size. Seventy-two motion segments (OC-C2, C3-C4, C5-C6 and C7-T1) from 18 adult caprine cadavers were subjected to pure moment and distraction loads. Pure moment testing resulted in bending stiffness, and distraction testing resulted in failure force and linear stiffness. Data were normalized with respect to the mid-size anthropometric category. For the small, mid-size and large adult categories, tensile failure force yielded scaling ratios of 0.74, 1.00 and 1.13, linear stiffness yielded ratios of 0.78, 1.00 and 1.10 and bending stiffness resulted in ratios of 0.89, 1.00 and 1.03. For the one-year-old, three-year-old, six-year-old and 12-year-old, scaling ratios were 0.10, 0.16, 0.30 and 0.62 for the tension force, 0.13, 0.18, 0.38 and 0.66 for the linear stiffness and 0.13, 0.19, 0.42 and 0.76 for the bending stiffness. These scale factors are compared with FMVSS 208.
Recommended Content
| Technical Paper | Passenger AIR-BAG Status Indication Awareness Study |
| Technical Paper | The Effect of Age and Gender on the Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Pediatric Cervical Spine |
| Technical Paper | Injury Analysis of Adult and Child Dummies |
Authors
- Christopher E. Hilker - Medical College of Wisconsin, VA Medical Center and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
- Narayan Yoganandan - Medical College of Wisconsin, VA Medical Center and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
- Frank A. Pintar - Medical College of Wisconsin, VA Medical Center and Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI
Citation
Hilker, C., Yoganandan, N., and Pintar, F., "Experimental Determination of Adult and Pediatric Neck Scale Factors," SAE Technical Paper 2002-22-0020, 2002, https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-22-0020.Also In
References
- Abraham S. Johnson C.L. Najjar M.F. 1979
- Baisden J. Voo L.M. Cusick J.F. Pintar F.A. Yoganandan N. 1999 Evaluation of cervical laminectomy and laminoplasty. A longitudinal study in the goat model Spine 24 1283
- Brown D.K. Roe E.J. Henry T.E. 1995 A fatality associated with the deployment of an automobile airbag Journal of Trauma 39 6 1204 1206
- Ching R.P. Nuckley D.J. Hertsted S.M. Eck M.P Mann F.A. Sun E.A. 2001 Tensile mechanics of the developing cervical spine Stapp Car Crash 45 329 336
- Dalmotas D.J. 1998 Assessments of airbag performance based on the 5th percentile female Hybrid III crash test dummy Proc. 16th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Windsor, Ontario, Canada 1019 1030
- Duncan J. 1874 Laboratory note: on tensile strength of fresh adult foetus British Medical Journal 2 763 764
- Eppinger R. Sun E. Kuppa S. Saul R 2000 Washington, DC 180
- Irwin A.L. Mertz H.J. 1997 Biomechanical bases for the CRABI and Hybrid III child dummies Stapp Car Crash Journal 41 1 12
- Kosser J 1996 Opportunities to improve first generation airbags. Proc. 15th International Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Melbourne, Australia
- McElhaney J.H. Nightingale R.W. Winkelstein B.A. Chancey V.C. Myers B.S. 2002 Biomechanical aspects of cervical trauma Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention Nahum A.M. Melvin J.W. 324 373 Springer-Verlag New York
- Melvin J.M. 1995 Injury reference values for the CRABI 6-month infant dummy in a rear-facing infant restraint with airbag deployment SAE Congress and Exposition Detroit, MI
- Mertz H.J. Irwin A.L. Melvin J.W. Stalnaker R.L. Beebe M.S. 1989 Size, weight and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies SAE 890756 , Automotive Frontal Impacts, SP-782, Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA 133 144
- Mertz H.J. Prasad P. Irwin A.L. 1997 Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions Stapp Car Crash Journal 41 13 30
- Mertz H.J. Prasad P. 2000 Improved neck injury risk curves for tension and extension moment measurements of crash dummies Stapp Car Crash Journal 44 59 75
- Mertz H.J. 2002 Injury risk assessment based on dummy responses. In Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention Nahum A.M. Melvin J.W. 324 373 Springer-Verlag New York
- Nightingale R.W. Winkelstein B.A. Knaub K.E. Myers B.S. 1999 Experiments on the bending behavior of cervical spine motion segments. Proc. 26 th International Workshop on Biomechanics Research 1 6
- Nissan M. Gilad I. 1984 The cervical and lumbar vertebrae - an anthropometric model Engineering in Medicine 13 (3) 111 114
- Panjabi M.M. Duranceau J. Goel V. Oxland T. Takata K. 1991 Cervical human vertebrae: Quantitative three-dimensional anatomy of the middle and lower regions Spine 16 8 861 869
- Pintar F.A. Mayer R.G. Yoganandan N. Sun E. 2000 Child neck strength characteristics using an animal model Stapp Car Crash Journal 44 77 83
- Prasad P. Daniel R.P. 1984 A biomechanical analysis of head, neck, and torso injuries to child surrogates due to sudden torso acceleration Proc. 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference 25 40 SAE paper no. 841656 , Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Schneider L.W. Robbins D.H. Pflueg M.A. Snyder R.G. 1983 Development of anthropometrically based design specifications for an advanced adult anthropomorphic dummy family, vol. 1, final report. Anthropometry of motor vehicle occupants Procedures, summary findings and appendices. Michigan State University Ann Arbor, MI
- Toth J.M. An A.H. Lim T. Ran Y. Weiss N.G. Lundberg W.R. Xu R.M. Lynch K.L. 1995 Evaluation of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics for anterior cervical interbody fusion in a caprine model Spine 20 2203 2210
- Winston F.K. Reed R 1996 Air bags and children: Results of a National Highway Traffic Safety Administration special investigation into actual crashes Proc. 40th Stapp Car Crash Conference 539 547 SAE paper no. 962438 , Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale, PA
- Yoganandan N. Pintar F.A. Maiman D.J. Cusick J.F Sances A. Jr. Walsh P.R 1996 Human head-neck biomechanics under axial tension Med. Eng. Phys. 18 4 289 294
- Yoganandan N. Pintar F.A. Kumaresan S. Gennarelli T.A. Sun E. Kuppa S. Maltese M. Eppinger R.H. 2000 Pediatric and small female neck injury scale factors and tolerance based on human spine biomechanical characteristics International IRCOBI Conference Montpellier, France 345 359
- Yoganandan N. Kumaresan S. Pintar F.A. Gennarelli T.A. 2002 Pediatric biomechanics Accidental Injury: Biomechanics and Prevention Nahum A.M. Melvin J.W. 324 373 Springer-Verlag New York
- Zdeblick T.A. Ghanayem A.J. Rapoff A.J. Swain C. Bassett T. Cooke M.E. Markel M. 1998 Cervical interbody fusion cages: An animal model with and without bone morphogenic protein Spine 23 (7) 758 766