This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effects of Fuel Parameters and Diffusion Flame Lift-Off on Soot Formation in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine
Technical Paper
2002-01-0889
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
To better understand the factors affecting soot formation in diesel engines, in-cylinder soot and diffusion flame lift-off were measured in a heavy-duty, direct-injection diesel engine. Measurements were obtained at two operating conditions using two commercial diesel fuels and a range of oxygenated paraffinic fuel blends. A line-of-sight laser extinction diagnostic was improved and employed to measure the relative soot concentration within the jet (“jet-soot”) and the rates of soot-wall deposition on the piston bowl-rim. An OH chemiluminescence imaging technique was developed to determine the location of the diffusion flame and to measure the lift-off lengths of the diffusion flame to estimate the amount of oxygen entrainment in the diesel jets.
Both the jet-soot and the rate of soot-wall deposition were found to decrease with increasing fuel oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) over a wide range of O/C. Good agreement between soot-wall deposition and jet-soot measurements indicates that using the soot-wall deposition diagnostic to indirectly measure jet-soot is valid. This is especially useful when the jet-soot is too optically thick to be measured directly. OH chemiluminescence imaging indicated little differences in the flame lift-off and corresponding oxygen entrainment between fuels. Commercial diesel fuels displayed higher sooting tendencies than the zero-oxygen-content paraffinic fuel blend. Since the estimated oxygen entrainment rates were similar, differences in soot formation are most likely due to the effects of fuel chemical structure. A linear extrapolation of the soot-wall deposition data for the oxygenated, paraffinic fuels predicts that zero soot formation may be achieved when the fuel atomic O/C exceeds 0.4.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Musculus, M., Dec, J., and Tree, D., "Effects of Fuel Parameters and Diffusion Flame Lift-Off on Soot Formation in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0889, 2002, https://doi.org/10.4271/2002-01-0889.Also In
Compression Ignition Combustion and In-Cylinder Diesel Particulates and Nox Control
Number: SP-1698; Published: 2002-03-04
Number: SP-1698; Published: 2002-03-04
References
- Yanowitz, J. McCormick, R. L. Grabowski, M. S. “In-Use Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles,” Environmental Science and Technology 34 5 729 740 2000
- Regulatory Announcement: Proposed Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements,” Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality Document 2000
- Dec, J. E. “A Conceptual Model of D.I. Diesel Combustion Based on Laser-Sheet Imaging,” SAE Paper 970873 1997
- Siebers, D. Higgins, B. “Flame Lift-Off on Direct-Injection Diesel Sprays Under Quiescent Conditions,” SAE Paper 2001-01-0530 2001
- Flynn, P. F. Durret, R. P. Hunter, G. L. zur Loye, A. O. Akenyemi, O. C. Dec, J. E. Westbrook, C. K. “Diesel Combustion: An Integrated View Combining Laser Diagnostics, Chemical Kinetics, and Empirical Validation,” SAE Paper 1999-01-0509 1999
- Dec, J. E. Canaan, R. E. Tree, D. R. “The Effect of Water-Emulsified Fuel on Diesel Soot Formation,” 219th ACS National Meeting San Francisco, CA 2000
- Tree, D. R. Dec, J. E. “Line-of-Sight Extinction Measurements of Oxygenated Fuel Blends and Diesel Fuel in a Heavy-Duty, Direct-Injection Diesel Engine,” 2nd Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of The Combustion Institute Oakland, CA 3 2 2001
- Dec, J. E. Tree, D. R. “Diffuson-Flame / Wall Interactions in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 2001-01-1295 2001
- Tree, D. R. Dec, J. E. “Extinction Measurements of In-Cylinder Soot Deposition in a Heavy-Duty DI Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 2001-01-1296 2001
- Higgins, B. Siebers, D. “Measurement of the Flame Lift-Off Location on D.I. Diesel Sprays using OH Chemiluminescence,” SAE Paper 2001-01-0918 2001
- zur Loye, A. O. Siebers, D. L. McKinley, T. L. Ng, H. K. Primus, R. J. “Cycle-Resolved LDV Measurements in a Motored Diesel Engine and Comparisons with k-epsilon Model Predictions,” SAE Paper 890618 , SAE Transactions 96 4 1989
- Espey, C. Dec, J. E. “Diesel Engine Combustion Studies in a Newly Designed Optical-Access Engine Using High-Speed Visualization and 2-D Laser Imaging,” SAE Paper 930971 , SAE Transactions 99 3 1993
- Dec, J. E. Espey, C. “Chemiluminescence Imaging of Autoignition in a D.I. Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 982685 1998
- Espey, C. Dec, J. E. Litzinger, T. A. Santavicca, D. A. “Planar Laser Rayleight Scattering for Quantitative Vapor-Fuel Imaging in a Diesel Jet,” Combustion and Flame 109 65-86 1997
- Heywood, J. B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1988
- Espey, C. Dec, J. E. “The Effect of TDC Temperature and Density on the Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in a D.I. Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 952456 , SAE Transactions 104 1995
- Jenkins, F. A. White, H. E. Fundamentals of Optics McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1981
- Homan, H. S. “Conversion Factors Among Smoke Measurements,” SAE Paper 850267 , SAE Transactions 94 2 1985
- Siebers, D. Higgins, B. Pickett, L. “Flame Lift-Off on Direct-Injection Diesel Fuel Jets: Oxygen Concentration Effects,” SAE Paper 2002
- Dec, J. E. Coy, E. B. “OH Radical Imaging in a DI Diesel Engine and the Structure of the Early Diffusion Flame,” SAE Paper 960831 1996
- Naber, J. D. Siebers, D. L. “Effects of Gas Density and Vaporization on Penetration and Dispersion of Diesel Sprays,” SAE Paper 960034 1996
- Nabi, M. N. Minami, M. Ogawa, H. Miyamoto, N. “Ultra Low Emission and High Performance Diesel Combustion with Highly Oxygenated Fuel,” SAE Paper 2000-01-0231 2000
- Glassman, Irvin “Soot Formation in Combustion Processes,” Twenty-Second Symposium (International) on Combustion 295 311 1988
- Larsson, A. “Optical Studies in a DI Diesel Engine,” 1999-01-3650 1999
- Miyamoto, N. Ogawa, H. Nabi, M. N. Obata, K. Arima, T. “Smokeless, Low NOx, Higher Thermal Efficiency, and Low Noise Diesel Combustion with Oxygenated Agents as Main Fuel,” SAE Paper 980506 1998
- Bowker, A. H. Leiberman, G. J. Engineering Statistics Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1959
- Siebers, D. L. “Scaling Liquid-Phase Fuel Penetration in Diesel Sprays Based on Mixing-Limited Vaporization,” SAE Paper 1999-01-0528 1999