Advances in Emission Regulations and Emission Control Technologies for Internal Combustion Engines

While the hot debate keeps going about whether the internal combustion engine (ICE) will die or not, the ICE community never stopped improving the technologies that improve the fuel economy and reduce harmful emissions. Focusing on the emissions and the control system, this article reviewed the latest improvement and advances of related technologies. By firstly introducing the noteworthy emissions from ICE, this work then summarized the evolution of the related emission regulations on both light-duty and high-duty vehicles in a few major market regions. The key technologies that applied or are still under development for both carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and particulate matter (PM)/particle number (PN) emissions control were reviewed in detail. Lastly, the foreseeable regulations limits and the potential challenges were discussed briefly.