Real-Time Simulation of CNG Engine and After-Treatment System Cold Start. Part 1: Transient Engine-Out Emission Prediction Using a Stochastic Reactor Model

Authors

• Reddy Babu Siddareddy - LOGE Polska Sp. z o.o.
• Tim Franken - BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg
• Michal Pasternak - LOGE Polska Sp. z o.o.
• Larisa Leon de Syniawa - Loge AB
• Johannes Oder - FEV Norddeutschland GmbH
• Hermann Rottengruber - Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg
• Fabian Mauss - BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg

Topic

• Spark ignition engines
• Gas engines
• Alternative fuel engines
• Combustion chambers
• Natural gas
• Starters and starting
• Nitrogen oxides
• Carbon monoxide
• Carbon dioxide
• Virtual reality

Citation

Also In

References

1. European Commission 2 n.d. https://Climate.Ec.Europa.Eu/Eu-Action/Transport-Emissions/Road-Transport-Reducing-Co2-Emissions-Vehicles/Co2-Emission-Performance-Standards-Cars-and-Vans_en
2. 2021 https://Circabc.Europa.Eu/Faces/Jsp/Extension/Wai/Navigation/Container.Js
3. Trapy , J.D. and Damiral , P. An Investigation of Lubricating System Warm-up for the Improvement of Cold Start Efficiency and Emissions of S.I Automotive Engines 1990 https://www.jstor.org/stable/44554104
4. Zammit J.P. , Shayler P.J. , Pegg I. Thermal Coupling and Energy Flows between Coolant, Engine Structure and Lubricating Oil during Engine Warm Up, Institution of Mechanical Engineers - VTMS 10 Vehicle Thermal Management Systems Conference and Exhibition 2011 177 188 https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857095053.3.177
5. Roberts , A. , Brooks , R. , and Shipway , P. Internal Combustion Engine Cold-Start Efficiency: A Review of the Problem, Causes and Potential Solutions Energy Convers Manag. 82 2014 327 350 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.002
6. Yusuf , A.A. and Inambao , F.L. Effect of Cold Start Emissions from Gasoline-Fueled Engines of Light-Duty Vehicles at Low and High Ambient Temperatures: Recent Trends Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 14 2019 100417 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2019.100417
7. Borbon , A. , Gilman , J.B. , Kuster , W.C. , Grand , N. et al. Emission ratios of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds in northern mid-latitude megacities: Observations versus emission inventories in Los Angeles and Paris J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118 n.d. 2041 2057 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50059
8. Worton , D.R. , Isaacman , G. , Gentner , D.R. , Dallmann , T.R. et al. Lubricating Oil Dominates Primary Organic Aerosol Emissions from Motor Vehicles Environ Sci Technol. 48 2014 3698 3706 https://doi.org/10.1021/es405375j
9. Zhang , S. and McMahon , W. Particulate Emissions for LEV II Light-Duty Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles SAE Int J Fuels Lubr. 5 2 2012 637 646 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-0442
10. Bahreini , R. , Xue , J. , Johnson , K. , Durbin , T. et al. Characterizing Emissions and Optical Properties of Particulate Matter from PFI and GDI Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles J Aerosol Sci. 90 2015 144 153 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2015.08.011
11. Zimmerman , N. , Wang , J.M. , Jeong , C.H. , Ramos , M. et al. Field Measurements of Gasoline Direct Injection Emission Factors: Spatial and Seasonal Variability Environ Sci Technol. 50 2016 2035 2043 https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.EST.5B04444/SUPPL_FILE/ES5B04444_SI_001.PDF
12. Chen , L. , Liang , Z. , Zhang , X. , and Shuai , S. Characterizing Particulate Matter Emissions from GDI and PFI Vehicles under Transient and Cold Start Conditions Fuel 189 2017 131 140 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2016.10.055
13. Mamakos , A. , Martini , G. , Marotta , A. , and Manfredi , U. Assessment of Different Technical Options in Reducing Particle Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection Vehicles J Aerosol Sci. 63 2013 115 125 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2013.05.004
14. Liang , B. , Ge , Y. , Tan , J. , Han , X. et al. Comparison of PM Emissions from a Gasoline Direct Injected (GDI) Vehicle and a Port Fuel Injected (PFI) Vehicle Measured by Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) with Two Fuels: Gasoline and M15 Methanol Gasoline J Aerosol Sci. 57 2013 22 31 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAEROSCI.2012.11.008
15. Torkashvand , B. 2019
16. Alzueta , M.U. and Glarborg , P. Formation and Destruction of CH2O in the Exhaust System of a Gas Engine Environ Sci Technol. 37 2003 4512 4516 https://doi.org/10.1021/es026144q
17. Ko , J. , Son , J. , Myung , C.L. , and Park , S. Comparative Study on Low Ambient Temperature Regulated/Unregulated Emissions Characteristics of Idling Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles at Cold Start and Hot Restart Fuel 233 2018 620 631 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.05.144
18. Li , H. , Andrews , G.E. , and Savvidis , D. Influence of Cold Start and Ambient Temperatures on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Fuel Economy for SI Car Real World Driving International Journal of Fuels and Lubricants 3 2010 133 148 https://doi.org/10.2307/26272647
19. Yamasaki , Y. , Ikemura , R. , Takahashi , M. , Shimizu , F. et al. Simple Combustion Model for a Diesel Engine with Multiple Fuel Injections International Journal of Engine Research 20 2019 167 180 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087417742764
20. Unver , B. , Koyuncuoglu , Y. , Gokasan , M. , and Bogosyan , S. Modeling and Validation of Turbocharged Diesel Engine Airpath and Combustion Systems International Journal of Automotive Technology 17 2016 13 34 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239−016−0002−4
21. Picerno , M. , Lee , S.Y. , Schaub , J. , Ehrly , M. et al. Co-Simulation of Multi-Domain Engine and Its Integrated Control for Transient Driving Cycles IFAC-PapersOnLine Elsevier B.V. 2020 13982 13987 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.917
22. Riccio , A. , Monzani , F. , and Landi , M. Towards a Powerful Hardware-in-the-Loop System for Virtual Calibration of an Off-Road Diesel Engine Energies (Basel) 15 2022 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020646
23. Pasternak , M. , Mauss , F. , Klauer , C. , and Matrisciano , A. Diesel Engine Performance Mapping Using a Parametrized Mixing Time Model International Journal of Engine Research 19 2018 202 213 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087417718115
24. Pasternak , M. , Mauss , F. , Xavier , F. , Rieß , M. et al. 0D/3D Simulations of Combustion in Gasoline Engines Operated with Multiple Spark Plug Technology SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1243 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1243
25. Franken , T. , Netzer , C. , Mauss , F. , Pasternak , M. et al. Multi-Objective Optimization of Water Injection in Spark-Ignition Engines Using the Stochastic Reactor Model with Tabulated Chemistry International Journal of Engine Research 20 2019 1089 1100 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419857602
26. Picerno , M. , Lee , S.Y. , Pasternak , M. , Siddareddy , R. et al. Real-Time Emission Prediction with Detailed Chemistry under Transient Conditions for Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulations Energies (Basel) 15 2022 https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010261
27. Li , H. , Andrews , G.E. , Savvidis , D. , Daham , B. et al. Study of Thermal Characteristics and Emissions during Cold Start Using an on-Board Measuring Method for Modern SI Car Real World Urban Driving, Source SAE Int. J. Engines 1 1 2009 804 819 https://doi.org/10.2307/26308322
28. Amini , M.R. , Shahbakhti , M. , and Ghaffari , A. A Novel Singular Perturbation Technique for Model-Based Control of Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission SAE Int J Engines. 7 3 2014 1290 1301 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1547
29. de Syniawa , L.L. , Siddareddy , R.B. , Oder , J. , Franken , T. et al. Real-Time Simulation of CNG Engine and After-Treatment System Cold Start. Part 2: Tail-Pipe Emissions Prediction Using a Detailed Chemistry Based MOC Model 2023 https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2023-01-0364/
30. Franken , T. , Matrisciano , A. , Sari , R. , Fogué Robles , Á. et al. Modeling of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Using a Stochastic Reactor Model Coupled with Detailed Chemistry SAE Technical Paper 2021-24-0014 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0014
31. Matrisciano , A. , Franken , T. , Gonzales Mestre , L.C. , Borg , A. et al. Development of a Computationally Efficient Tabulated Chemistry Solver for Internal Combustion Engine Optimization Using Stochastic Reactor Models Applied Sciences (Switzerland) 10 2020 1 31 https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248979
32. Netzer , C. , Pasternak , M. , Seidel , L. , Ravet , F. et al. Computationally Efficient Prediction of Cycle-to-Cycle Variations in Spark-Ignition Engines International Journal of Engine Research 21 2020 649 663 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087419856493
33. Netzer , C. , Seidel , L. , Pasternak , M. , Klauer , C. et al. Engine Knock Prediction and Evaluation Based on Detonation Theory Using a Quasi-Dimensional Stochastic Reactor Model SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-0538 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-0538
34. Matrisciano , A. , Pasternak , M. , Wang , X. , Antoshkiv , O. et al. On the Performance of Biodiesel Blends - Experimental Data and Simulations Using a Stochastic Fuel Test Bench SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1115 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1115
35. Lai , J. , Parry , O. , Mosbach , S. , Bhave , A. et al. Evaluating Emissions in a Modern Compression Ignition Engine Using Multi-Dimensional PDF-Based Stochastic Simulations and Statistical Surrogate Generation SAE Technical Paper 2018-01-1739 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1739
36. Bjerkborn , S. , Frojd , K. , Perlman , C. , and Mauss , F. A Monte Carlo Based Turbulent Flame Propagation Model for Predictive SI In-Cylinder Engine Simulations Employing Detailed Chemistry for Accurate Knock Prediction SAE Int J Engines. 5 4 2012 1637 1647 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1680
37. Curl , R.L. Dispersed Phase Mixing: I. Theory and Effects in Simple Reactors AIChE Journal 9 1963 175 181 https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.690090207
38. Loge AB 2022
39. Franken , T. , Mauss , F. , Seidel , L. , Gern , M.S. et al. Gasoline Engine Performance Simulation of Water Injection and Low-Pressure Exhaust Gas Recirculation Using Tabulated Chemistry International Journal of Engine Research 21 2020 1857 1877 https://doi.org/10.1177/1468087420933124
40. Dulbecco , A. , Richard , S. , Laget , O. , and Aubret , P. Development of a Quasi-Dimensional K-k Turbulence Model for Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) Engines Based on the Formal Reduction of a 3D CFD Approach SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-2229 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-2229
41. Peters , N. Turbulent Combustion Cambridge University Press 2000 https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612701
42. Shrestha , K.P. , Eckart , S. , Elbaz , A.M. , Giri , B.R. et al. A Comprehensive Kinetic Model for Dimethyl Ether and Dimethoxymethane Oxidation and NOx Interaction Utilizing Experimental Laminar Flame Speed Measurements at Elevated Pressure and Temperature Combust Flame 218 2020 57 74 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMBUSTFLAME.2020.04.016
43. Lehtiniemi , H. , Mauss , F. , Balthasar , M. , and Magnusson , I. Modeling Diesel Spray Ignition Using Detailed Chemistry with a Progress Variable Approach Combustion Science and Technology 178 2006 1977 1997 https://doi.org/10.1080/00102200600793148
44. Lehtiniemi , H. , Borg , A. , and Mauss , F. Combustion Modeling of Diesel Sprays SAE Int. J. Adv. & Curr. Prac. in Mobility 2 5 2016 2839 2858 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0592
45. Matrisciano , A. Development of an Efficient Solver for Detailed Kinetics in Reactive Flows Research. Chalmers. Se. 2021 https://research.chalmers.se/en/publication/525272
46. Oder , J. Verbrennungssteuerung eines CNG-DI-Motors mittels Hochlast-Abgasruckfuhrung Fakultat fur Maschinenbau Otto-von-Guericke-Universitat Magdeburg 2021 http://doi.org/10.25673/63005
47. 2022 www.fvv-net.de
48. Woschni , G. A Universally Applicable Equation for the Instantaneous Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Internal Combustion Engine SAE Technical Paper 670931 1967 https://doi.org/10.4271/670931
49. Sentoff , K.M. , Robinson , M.K. , and Holmén , B.A. Second-by-Second Characterization of Cold-Start Gas-Phase and Air Toxic Emissions from a Light-Duty Vehicle Transp. Res Rec. 2010 95 104 https://doi.org/10.3141/2158-12
50. Hu , J. , Frey , H.C. , and Boroujeni , B.Y. Contribution of Cold Starts to Real-World Trip Emissions for Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles Atmosphere (Basel) 14 2022 35 https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010035
51. Wang , S. , Ji , C. , Zhang , B. , and Liu , X. Lean Burn Performance of a Hydrogen-Blended Gasoline Engine at the Wide Open Throttle Condition Appl Energy 136 2014 43 50 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2014.09.042
52. Szwaja , S. , Jamrozik , A. , and Tutak , W. A Two-Stage Combustion System for Burning Lean Gasoline Mixtures in a Stationary Spark Ignited Engine Appl Energy 105 2013 271 281 https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APENERGY.2012.12.080

Cited By