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Current-Sensing Techniques for Revenue Metering and for Detecting Direct Current Injection from Electric Vehicles: A Review
Journal Article
14-10-02-0010
ISSN: 2691-3747, e-ISSN: 2691-3755
Sector:
Citation:
Mironenko, O., Kempton, W., and Kiamilev, F., "Current-Sensing Techniques for Revenue Metering and for Detecting Direct Current Injection from Electric Vehicles: A Review," SAE Int. J. Elec. Veh. 10(2):137-145, 2021, https://doi.org/10.4271/14-10-02-0010.
Language:
English
Abstract:
Contemporary power networks increasingly include distributed generation and
storage, which must follow interconnection standards to ensure power quality and
grid safety. One such standard is IEEE 1547-2018, “Limitation of DC injection.”
Any poorly designed or malfunctioning power converter can inject DC, but high
power converters, such as those used for electric vehicle (EV) chargers, are a
proportionally larger concern. We propose that electric vehicle supply equipment
(EVSE) be responsible for monitoring the DC injection level in AC current to and
from EV on-board inverters to be compliant with IEEE 1547-2018 despite any
on-board equipment failure. Another function of the EVSE is high-precision AC
measurements for revenue metering. Due to mass production of EVSE, it is
important to integrate DC injection detection into EVSE system cost-effectively.
Therefore, it is advantageous for AC and DC injection to be measured with a
single device. Due to inability of the most common revenue metering system to
detect DC, a new system with AC and DC measuring capabilities needs to be
designed. The important design challenge is the large (two orders of magnitude)
differences of measured AC vs. DC quantities on the same line. This article
introduces the DC injection problem in relation to EVs and provides a review of
commonly used current-sensing techniques to evaluate the most promising
candidates for the aforementioned system design.