Open Access

Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modelling of Urea Water Solution Spray in High-Temperature Crossflow for Selective Catalytic Reduction Applications

Journal Article
13-03-02-0012
ISSN: 2640-642X, e-ISSN: 2640-6438
Published April 07, 2022 by SAE International in United States
Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modelling of Urea Water
                    Solution Spray in High-Temperature Crossflow for Selective Catalytic Reduction
                    Applications
Sector:
Citation: Khan, D., Bjernemose, J., and Lund, I., "Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modelling of Urea Water Solution Spray in High-Temperature Crossflow for Selective Catalytic Reduction Applications," SAE J. STEEP 3(2):139-153, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4271/13-03-02-0012.
Language: English

References

  1. Koebel , M. , Elsener , M. , and Kleemann , M. Urea-SCR: A Promising Technique to Reduce NOx Emissions from Automotive Diesel Engines Catalysis Today 59 3 2000 335 345
  2. Praveena , V. and Martin , M.L.J. A Review on Various after Treatment Techniques to Reduce NOx Emissions in a CI Engine Journal of the Energy Institute 91 5 2018 704 720
  3. Spiteri A. , Srna A. , and Eggenschwiler P. Characterization of Sprays of Water and Urea-Water Solution from a Commercial Injector for SCR DeNOx Applications Proceedings of the 13 Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium Stuttgart, Germany 2013
  4. Yim , S.D. , Kim , S.J. , Baik , J.H. , Nam , I.-S. et al. Decomposition of Urea into NH 3 for the SCR Process Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 43 16 2004 4856 4863
  5. Ström , L. , Ström , H. , Darnell , A. , Carlsson , P.-A. et al. Quantification of Urea-Spray Non-Uniformity Effects on the H 2 -Assistedno Reduction and NH 3 Slip over an Ag/Al 2 O 3 Catalyst Energy Procedia 75 2015 2317 2322
  6. Birkhold , F. , Meingast , U. , Wassermann , P. , and Deutschmann , O. Analysis of the Injection of Urea-Water-Solution for Automotive SCR DeNOx-Systems: Modeling of Two-Phase Flow and Spray/Wall-Interaction SAE Technical Paper 2006-01-0643 2006 https://doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-0643
  7. Seki , K. , Ueyama , R. , Tsukamoto , Y. , Ogawa , K. et al. Reaction Analysis and Modeling of fast SCR in a Cuchabazite SCR Catalyst Considering Generation and Decomposition of Ammonium Nitrate SAE Technical Paper 2021-24-0073 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2021-24-0073
  8. Munnannur , A. and Liu , Z.G. Development and Validation of a Predictive Model for DEF Injection and Urea Decomposition in Mobile SCR DeNOx Systems SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0889 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-0889
  9. Lee , J.-S. , Baik , D.S. , and Lee , S.W. Evaluation of SCR System in Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2008-01-1320 2008 https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1320
  10. Chen , M. and Williams , S. Modelling and Optimization of SCR-Exhaust Aftertreatment Systems SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0969 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-0969
  11. Oh , J. , Kim , K. , and Lee , K. Effects of Various Mixer Types on the Spatial Distribution of a De-NOx Reductant Fuel 94 2012 93 101
  12. Oh , J. and Lee , K. Spray Characteristics of a Urea Solution Injector and Optimal Mixer Location to Improve Droplet Uniformity and NOx Conversion Efficiency for Selective Catalytic Reduction Fuel 119 2014 90 97
  13. Lecompte , M. , Raux , S. , and Frobert , A. Experimental Characterization of SCR DeNOx-Systems: Visualization of Urea-Water-Solution and Exhaust Gas Mixture SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1524 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1524
  14. Spiteri , A. and Dimopoulos Eggenschwiler , P. Experimental Fluid Dynamic Investigation of Urea-Water Sprays for Diesel Selective Catalytic Reduction-DeNOx Applications Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53 8 2014 3047 3055
  15. Postrioti , L. , Brizi , G. , Ungaro , C. , Mosser , M. et al. A Methodology to Investigate the Behaviour of Urea-Water Sprays in High Temperature Air Flow for SCR De-NOx Applications Fuel 150 2015 548 557
  16. van Vuuren , N. , Brizi , G. , Buitoni , G. , Postrioti , L. et al. Experimental Analysis of the Urea-Water Solution Temperature Effect on the Spray Characteristics in SCR Systems SAE Technical Paper 2015-24-2500 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-24-2500
  17. van Vuuren , N. , Brizi , G. , Buitoni , G. , Postrioti , L. et al. AUS-32 Injector Spray Imaging on Hot Air Flow Bench SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1031 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1031
  18. Liao , Y. , Eggenschwiler , P.D. , Rentsch , D. , Curto , F. et al. Characterization of the Urea-Water Spray Impingement in Diesel Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems Applied Energy 205 2017 964 975
  19. Schmidt , A. , Bonarens , M. , Roisman , I.V. , Nishad , K. et al. Experimental Investigation of AdBlue Film Formation in a Generic SCR Test Bench and Numerical Analysis Using LES Applied Sciences 11 15 2021 6907
  20. Kim , J.Y. , Ryu , S.H. , and Ha , J.S. Numerical Prediction on the Characteristics of Spray-Induced Mixing and Thermal Decomposition of Urea Solution in SCR System Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference Long Beach, CA 37467 165 170 2004
  21. Varna , A. , Boulouchos , K. , Spiteri , A. , Eggenschwiler , P.D. et al. Numerical Modelling and Experimental Characterization of a Pressure-Assisted Multi-Stream Injector for SCR Exhaust Gas After-Treatment SAE Int. J. Engines 7 4 2014 2012 2021 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2822
  22. Praveena , V. and Martin , L.J. Design Optimization of Urea Injectors and Mixers in a Compact SCR System SAE Technical Paper 2018-28-0025 2018 https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-28-0025
  23. Zhang , C. , Sun , C. , Wu , M. , and Lu , K. Optimisation Design of SCR Mixer for Improving Deposit Performance at Low Temperatures Fuel 237 2019 465 474
  24. Michelin , J. , Nappez , P. , Guilbaud , F. , Hinterberger , C. et al. Advanced Close Coupled SCR Compact Mixer Architecture SAE Technical Paper 2015-01-1020 2015 https://doi.org/10.4271/2015-01-1020
  25. Gapin , A. , Demoulin , F. , Dumouchel , C. , Pajot , K. et al. Development of an Initial Drop-Size Distribution Model and Introduction in a CFD Code to Predict Spray Evolution 7th International Conference on Multiphase Flow ICMF Tampa, FL 2010
  26. van Vuuren , N. and Sayar , H. High Speed Video Measurements of a Heated Tip Urea Injector Spray SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-1747 2012 https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-1747
  27. van Vuuren , N. and Qin , J. High Speed Video Measurements with Water of a Planar Laser Illuminated Heated Tip Urea Injector Spray SAE Technical Paper 2013-01-1073 2013 https://doi.org/10.4271/2013-01-1073
  28. Khan , D. , Bjernemose , J.H. , Lund , I. , and Bebe , J.E. Design and Construction of an Open Loop Subsonic High Temperature Wind Tunnel for Investigation of SCR Dosing Systems International Journal of Thermofluids 11 2021 100106
  29. Postrioti , L. , Malaguti , S. , Bosi , M. , Buitoni , G. et al. Experimental and Numerical Characterization of a Direct Solenoid Actuation Injector for Diesel Engine Applications Fuel 118 2014 316 328
  30. Durst , F. , Brenn , G. , and Xu , T. A Review of the Development and Characteristics of Planar Phase-Doppler Anemometry Measurement Science and Technology 8 11 1997 1203
  31. aus der Wiesche , S. Numerical Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering of AdBlue (SCR) Tanks for Combustion Engine Emission Reduction Applied Thermal Engineering 27 11-12 2007 1790 1798
  32. Khan , D. , Bjernemose , J.H. , Lund , I. , and Felis , F. Experimental Study on the Difference between Water and Urea-Water-Solution Sprays from Commercial SCR Injectors under Quiescent and Heated Crossflow Conditions Atomization and Sprays 32 5 2022 15 37
  33. Nijdam , J.J. , Guo , B. , Fletcher , D.F. , and Langrish , T.A. Lagrangian and Eulerian Models for Simulating Turbulent Dispersion and Coalescence of Droplets within a Spray Applied Mathematical Modelling 30 11 2006 1196 1211
  34. ANSYS Inc. ANSYS Fluent Theory Guide 15317 Canonsburg, PA ANSYS Inc. 2011
  35. Berlemont , A. , Grancher , M. , and Gouesbet , G. Heat and Mass Transfer Coupling between Vaporizing Droplets and Turbulence Using a Lagrangian Approach International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 38 16 1995 3023 3034
  36. Liu , C. , Tang , S. , and Dong , Y. Effect of Inertial Particles with Different Specific Heat Capacities on Heat Transfer in Particle-Laden Turbulent Flow Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 38 8 2017 1149 1158
  37. Morsi , S. and Alexander , A. An Investigation of Particle Trajectories in Two-Phase Flow Systems Journal of Fluid Mechanics 55 2 1972 193 208
  38. Stokes , G.G. et al. 1851
  39. O’Rourke , P.J. and Amsden , A.A. The Tab Method for Numerical Calculation of Spray Droplet Breakup SAE Technical Paper 872089 1987 https://doi.org/10.4271/872089
  40. Rosin , P. and Rammler , E. The Laws Governing the Fineness of Powdered Coal J. Institute of Fuel 7 1933 29 36
  41. Birkhold , F. , Meingast , U. , Wassermann , P. , and Deutschmann , O. Modeling and Simulation of the Injection of Urea-Water-Solution for Automotive SCR DeNOx-Systems Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 70 1-4 2007 119 127
  42. Jeong , S.-J. , Lee , S.-J. , and Kim , W.-S. Numerical Study on the Optimum Injection of Urea-Water Solution for SCR DeNOx System of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine to Improve DeNOx Performance and Reduce NH 3 Slip Environmental Engineering Science 25 7 2008 1017 1036
  43. Ström , H. , Lundström , A. , and Andersson , B. Choice of Urea-Spray Models in CFD Simulations of Urea-SCR Systems Chemical Engineering Journal 150 1 2009 69 82
  44. Kihm , K.D. , Lyn , G. , and Son , S. Atomization of Cross-Injecting Sprays into Convective Air Stream Atomization and Sprays 5 4-5 1995 417 433
  45. Scott , D.W. Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and Visualization Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons 2015
  46. Kaario , O. , Sarjovaara , T. , Ranta , O. , Hulkkonen , T. et al. Comparing Breakup Models in a Novel High Injection Pressure SCR System Using Polyhedral Meshing SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-2816 2014 https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-2816
  47. Lefebvre , A.H. Properties of Sprays Particle & Particle Systems Characterization 6 1-4 1989 176 186
  48. Mugele , R. and Evans , H. Droplet Size Distribution in Sprays Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 43 6 1951 1317 1324
  49. Kulkarni , M.S. , Mohanta , L. , and McCarthy , J. Jr. Spray Modeling for Lean NOx Trap Aftertreatment System Design SAE Technical Paper 2009-28-0016 2009 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-28-0016
  50. Damelin , S.B. and Miller , W. Jr. The Mathematics of Signal Processing 48 Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2012
  51. Trenkler , H. , Kubach , I. , Gmelin , L. , and Meyer , R.J. Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry 7 Berlin Springer-Verlag 1972
  52. Schaber , P.M. , Colson , J. , Higgins , S. , Thielen , D. et al. Thermal Decomposition (Pyrolysis) of Urea in an Open Reaction Vessel Thermochimica Acta 424 1-2 2004 131 142
  53. Stradella , L. and Argentero , M. A Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Urea, of Related Compounds and Thiourea Using DSC and TG-EGA Thermochimica Acta 219 1993 315 323
  54. Kontin , S. , Höfler , A. , Koch , R. , and Bauer , H. Heat and Mass Transfer Accompanied by Crystallisation of Single Particles Containing Urea-Water-Solution 23rd Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems Brno, Czech Republic 2010
  55. Egal , M. 2006
  56. Ministry of Environment of Denmark 2020

Cited By