This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Parametric Investigation of Various Factors Affecting Engine Performance and Emissions in a Homogeneous Charge with Direct Injection Strategy at High Load: A CFD Approach
Technical Paper
2022-01-1048
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Over the years, much progress has been made in automotive vehicle technology to achieve high efficiency and clean combustion. Reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is one of the most widely studied high-efficiency, clean combustion strategies. However, complex dual-fuel injection systems and associated controls, high unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions limit RCCI use in practical applications. Recently, single fuel RCCI strategies are gaining more attention as the above shortcomings are effectively addressed. Homogeneous charge with direct injection (HCDI) is a single fuel RCCI strategy that results in high thermal efficiency and lower UHC and CO emissions. In HCDI, the port-injected diesel fuel vapour and air are inducted during the intake stroke and ignited with direct-injected diesel fuel near the end of the compression stroke. However, high oxides of nitrogen (NOx) make HCDI less viable for practical applications. Water vapour dilution proved an effective method to suppress NOx emissions without reducing thermal efficiency in HCDI. However, thermal and dilution effects at higher loads resulted in a NOx-soot trade-off and high soot emissions. A parametric study of different parameters and their combined impact on the performance and emissions of a light-duty diesel engine operated in HCDI mode is evaluated in the present study. A commercial CFD code, CONVERGE, validated with experimental data, is used for parametric investigations. Different parameters such as direct-injected fuel timing, fuel injection pressure, boost pressure and dilution are varied. The results show that increasing boost pressure improves air-fuel mixing and reduces soot formation among the investigated parameters. The combined effects of increased dilution, higher injection and boost pressure increased thermal efficiency by ~13%, with a penalty in NOx and 37.8% soot reduction.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Chaurasiya, R. and Krishnasamy, A., "Parametric Investigation of Various Factors Affecting Engine Performance and Emissions in a Homogeneous Charge with Direct Injection Strategy at High Load: A CFD Approach," SAE Technical Paper 2022-01-1048, 2022, https://doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-1048.Also In
References
- Ciatti , S.A. Compression Ignition Engines - Revolutionary Technology That has Civilized Frontiers all Over the Globe from the Industrial Revolution into the Twenty-First Century Front. Mech. Eng. 1 June 2015 1 6 10.3389/fmech.2015.00005
- Kagawa , J. Health Effects of Diesel Exhaust Emissions - A Mixture of Air Pollutants of Worldwide Concern Toxicology 181-182 2002 349 353 10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00461-4
- Brugge , D. , Durant , J.L. , and Rioux , C. Near-Highway Pollutants in Motor Vehicle Exhaust: A Review of Epidemiologic Evidence of Cardiac and Pulmonary Health Risks Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source 6 2007 10.1186/1476-069X-6-23
- Dec , J.E. Advanced Compression-Ignition Engines—Understanding the In-Cylinder Processes Proc. Combust. Inst. 32 2 2009 2727 2742 10.1016/j.proci.2008.08.008
- Egnell , R. The Influence of EGR on Heat Release Rate and NO Formation in a Di Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-1807 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1807
- Biswas , S. , Bakshi , M. , Shankar , G. , and Mukhopadhyay , A. Optimization of Multiple Injection Strategies to Improve BSFC Performance of a Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel Engine SAE Technical Paper 2016-28-0002 2016 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-28-0002
- Hwang , J. , Park , Y. , Kim , K. , Lee , J. et al. Improvement of Diesel Combustion with Multiple Injections at Cold Condition in a Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Fuel 197 2017 528 540 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.02.049
- Lathia , R. and Dadhaniya , S. Policy Norms and Proposed Ways to Achieve Goals of Indian Vehicle Emission Program J. Clean. Prod. 208 2019 1339 1346 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.202
- Lutsey , N. Regulatory and Technology Lead-Time: The Case of US Automobile Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards Transp. Policy 21 2012 179 190 10.1016/j.tranpol.2012.03.007
- Seger , J.P. Vehicle Integration for US EPA 2010 Emissions and Lowest Cost of Ownership SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1956 2010 https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1956
- Chadwell , C. , Alger , T. , Roberts , C. , and Arnold , S. Boosting Simulation of High Efficiency Alternative Combustion Mode Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 4 1 2011 375 393 https://doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0358
- Geng , P. , Cao , E. , Tan , Q. , and Wei , L. Effects of Alternative Fuels on the Combustion Characteristics and Emission Products from Diesel Engines: A Review Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 71 December 2016 2017 523 534 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.080
- Sener , R. , Yangaz , M.U. , and Gul , M.Z. Effects of Injection Strategy and Combustion Chamber Modification on a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine Fuel 266 September 2019 2020 117122 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117122
- Wickman , D.D. , Senecal , P.K. , and Reitz , R.D. Diesel Engine Combustion Chamber Geometry Optimization Using Genetic Algorithms and Multi-Dimensional Spray and Combustion Modeling SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0547 110 Mar. 2001 487 507 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0547
- Akihama , K. , Takatori , Y. , Inagaki , K. , Sasaki , S. et al. Mechanism of the Smokeless Rich Diesel Combustion by Reducing Temperature SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-0655 2001 724 Mar. 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0655
- Agarwal , A.K. , Singh , A.P. , and Maurya , R.K. Evolution, Challenges and Path Forward for Low Temperature Combustion Engines Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 61 2017 1 56 10.1016/j.pecs.2017.02.001
- Molina , S. , García , A. , Pastor , J.M.M. , Belarte , E. et al. Operating Range Extension of RCCI Combustion Concept from Low to Full Load in a Heavy-Duty Engine Appl. Energy 143 Apr. 2015 211 227 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.01.035
- Wissink , M. and Reitz , R. 2020 https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-0774
- Murugesa Pandian , M. and Anand , K. Comparison of Different Low Temperature Combustion Strategies in a Light Duty Air Cooled Diesel Engine Appl. Therm. Eng. 142 April Sep. 2018 380 390 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.047
- Gharehghani , A. , Hosseini , R. , Mirsalim , M. , and Jazayeri , S.A. An Experimental Study on Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Biodiesel / Natural Gas Energy 89 2015 558 567 10.1016/j.energy.2015.06.014
- Li , Y. , Jia , M. , Xu , L. , and Bai , X.-S. Multiple-Objective Optimization of Methanol/Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine at Low Loads: A Comparison of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) and Direct Dual Fuel Stratification (DDFS) Strategies Fuel 262 February Feb. 2020 116673 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116673
- Fang , W. , Kittelson , D.B. , and Northrop , W.F. Optimization of Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Combustion Fueled with Diesel and Hydrous Ethanol using Response Surface Methodology Fuel 160 2015 446 457 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.07.055
- Mohammadian , A. , Chehrmonavari , H. , Kakaee , A. , and Paykani , A. Effect of Injection Strategies on a Single-Fuel RCCI Combustion Fueled with Isobutanol/Isobutanol + DTBP Blends Fuel 278 April Oct. 2020 118219 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118219
- Pandian , M.M. and Krishnasamy , A. Homogeneous Charge with Direct Injection Strategy to Achieve High Efficiency and Clean Combustion in Diesel Engines SAE Int. J. Engines 14 3 Feb. 2021 03-14-03 03-14-0019 https://doi.org/10.4271/03-14-03-0019
- El Shenawy , E.A. , Elkelawy , M. , Bastawissi , H.A.-E. , Panchal , H. et al. Comparative Study of the Combustion, Performance, and Emission Characteristics of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine with a Partially Premixed Lean Charge Compression Ignition Diesel Engines Fuel 249 Aug. 2019 277 285 10.1016/j.fuel.2019.03.073
- Mendez , S. and Thirouard , B. Using Multiple Injection Strategies in Diesel Combustion: Potential to Improve Emissions, Noise and Fuel Economy Trade-Off in Low CR Engines SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 1 1 Apr. 2008 2008-01 2008-1329 https://doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-1329
- Zhang , W. , Feng , T. , Li , Z. , Chen , Z. et al. EGR Thermal and Chemical Effects on Combustion and Emission of Diesel/Natural Gas Dual-Fuel Engine Fuel 302 February 2021 121161 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121161
- Parlak , A. et al. New Method to Reduce NOx Emissions of Diesel Engines: Electronically Controlled Steam Injection System J. Energy Inst. 85 3 Aug. 2012 135 139 10.1179/1743967112Z.00000000024
- Dong , T. , Zhang , F. , Gao , H. , Wang , S. et al. Experimental Study on the Effects of Intake Parameters on Diesel LTC Combustion and Emission SAE Technical Paper 2017-01-2259 Oct. 2017 https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-2259
- Colban , W.F. , Miles , P.C. , and Oh , S. Effect of Intake Pressure on Performance and Emissions in an Automotive Diesel Engine Operating in Low Temperature Combustion Regimes SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-4063 724 2007 776 790 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-4063
- Tanin , K.V. , Wickman , D.D. , Montgomery , D.T. , Das , S. et al. Mar. 1999 https://doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-0840
- Agarwal , A.K. , Dhar , A. , Srivastava , D.K. , Maurya , R.K. et al. Effect of Fuel Injection Pressure on Diesel Particulate Size and Number Distribution in a CRDI Single Cylinder Research Engine Fuel 107 2013 84 89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.077
- Xu , Z. , Li , X. , Guan , C. , and Huang , Z. Effects of Injection Pressure on Diesel Engine Particle Physico-Chemical Properties Aerosol Sci. Technol. 48 2 Feb. 2014 128 138 10.1080/02786826.2013.862589
- Senecal , P.K. et al. A New Parallel Cut-Cell Cartesian CFD Code for Rapid Grid Generation Applied to In-Cylinder Diesel Engine Simulations SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0159 2007 724 2007 776 790 https://doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-0159
- Gupta , S.K. and Anand , K. Experimental Investigations to Reduce Unburned Emissions in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition through Fuel Modifications Appl. Therm. Eng. 146 October 2018 Jan. 2019 622 634 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.036
- Reitz , R.D. and Diwakar , R. Structure of High-Pressure Fuel Sprays SAE Technical Paper 870598 96 1987 492 509 https://doi.org/10.4271/870598
- O’Rourke , P.J. and Amsden , A.A. A Spray/Wall Interaction Submodel for the KIVA-3 Wall Film Model SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0271 724 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0271
- Post , S.L. and Abraham , J. Modeling the Outcome of Drop-Drop Collisions in Diesel Sprays Int. J. Multiph. Flow 28 6 2002 997 1019 10.1016/S0301-9322(02)00007-1
- Liu , A.B. , Mather , D. , and Reitz , R.D. Modeling the Effects of Drop Drag and Breakup on Fuel Sprays SAE Technical Paper 930072 102 1993 83 95 https://doi.org/10.4271/930072
- Schmidt , D.P. and Rutland , C.J. A New Droplet Collision Algorithm J. Comput. Phys. 164 1 2000 62 80 10.1006/jcph.2000.6568
- Amsden , A. , O’Rourke , P. , and Butler , T. Los Alamos Natl. Lab. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6228444
- Canakci , M. An Experimental Study for the Effects of Boost Pressure on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a DI-HCCI Gasoline Engine Fuel 87 8 2008 1503 1514 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2007.08.002
- El-Sharkawy , M.R. et al. Effect of Pressure Boost on the Diesel Performance and Gaseous Emission with Fuel Spray Pressure up to 3000 Bar IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 832 1 Apr. 2020 012083 10.1088/1757-899X/832/1/012083
- Jain , A. , Singh , A.P. , and Agarwal , A.K. Effect of Fuel Injection Parameters on Combustion Stability and Emissions of a Mineral Diesel Fueled Partially Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) Engine Appl. Energy 190 Mar. 2017 658 669 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.164
- Dec , J.E. and Canaan , R.E. PLIF Imaging of No Formation in a DI Diesel Engine 1 SAE Technical Paper 980147 107 1998 176 204 https://doi.org/10.4271/980147
- Naber , J.D. and Siebers , D.L. 1996 https://doi.org/10.4271/960034
- Siebers , D.L. and Higgins , B. 2001 https://doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0530
- Pickett , L.M. , Siebers , D.L. , and Idicheria , C.A. 2005 https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3843
- Walls , J.R. and Strickland-Constable , R.F. Oxidation of Carbon Between 1000-2400°C Carbon N. Y. 1 3 Apr. 1964 333 338 10.1016/0008-6223(64)90288-X
- Mendez , S. , Kashdan , J.T. , Bruneaux , G. , Thirouard , B. et al. Formation of Unburned Hydrocarbons in Low Temperature Diesel Combustion SAE Int. J. Engines 2 2 2010 205 225 https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2729