This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Avoiding the Emerging Pedestrian: a Mathematical Model
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A common form of pedestrian accident involves the pedestrian emerging from behind a stopped vehicle, into the path of an oncoming car. A mathematical model (“EMERGE”) has been developed for calculating the time available to the driver to see and avoid the pedestrian. It involves calculating in 2 dimensions the equations of motion of the vehicle and the pedestrian, together with the lines of sight of the driver and the pedestrian around the stopped vehicle. The sensitivity of the model to the different variables is demonstrated.
The model allows for deceleration of the car. For any given driver perception-reaction time and car deceleration rate, the model can be used to calculate the maximum speed of the car from which it would have been possible to have avoided the collision by braking to a stop. This can often demonstrate that the driver would only have been able to have avoided the collision if he had driven at an unreasonably low speed.
The model also has application in some vehicle-to-vehicle and bicycle-to-vehicle collisions where vehicles are hidden from each other until just before the collision.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Vaughan, R., "Avoiding the Emerging Pedestrian: a Mathematical Model," SAE Technical Paper 970962, 1997, https://doi.org/10.4271/970962.Also In
References
- Allen Corporation of America 1978 “Field Validation of Taillights - Report on Phase 1: Pilot Testing” Alexandria, Virginia US Department of Transportation, NHTSA 1989
- Automobile Association, Traffic Engineering and Safety Department 1966 “Reaction Time in Relation to Age” 1989
- 1994 Tabulation of walking and running speeds for pedestrians in the City of San Diego Accident Reconstruction Journal 6 2 April 1994 38
- Aronberg, Ralph Snider, Andrew A 1994 “Reconstruction of Automobile/Pedestrian Accidents Using CATAPULT” SAE paper 940924 “Accident Reconstruction: technology and Animation IV”
- Austroads 1995 “Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice, Part 13: Pedestrians” Austroads, Sydney, Australia
- Coffin, Ann Morral, John 1995 “Walking Speeds of Elderly Pedestrians at Crosswalks” Transportation Research Record 1487 Transportation Research Board
- Corfitsen, M. T. 1982 “Increased Viso-Mororic Reaction Time of Young, Tired, Drunk Drivers” Forensic Science International 20 2 121 125 1982
- Eubanks, Jerry J 1994 “Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction” Lawyers & Judges Publishing Co. Tucson, Arizona
- Evans, L. 1991 “Traffic Safety and the Driver” Van Nostrand Reinhold New York
- Fricke, Lynn B. 1990 “Traffic Accident Reconstruction. Volume 2 of The Traffic Investigation Manual” Northwestern University Traffic Institute Evanston, Illinios
- Gazis, D. Herman, R. Maradudin, A. 1960 “The Problem of the Amber Signal Light on Traffic Flow.” Operations Research 1960 8 112 132 Triggs and Harris 1982
- Muto, W. H. Wienville, W. W. 1982 “The Effect of Repeated Emergency Response Trials on Performance During Extended Duration Simulated Driving” Human Factors 24 6 693 698
- Olson, Paul L. 1989 “Driver Perception Response Time” SAE paper 89731 “Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction: Review and Update”
- Olson, P. L. Cleveland, D. E. Fancher, P. S. Kostyniuk, L. P. Schneider, L. W. 1984 “Parameters Affecting Stopping Sight Distances” Washington DC The National Cooperative Highway Research Program 1989
- Road Safety & Traffic Management Directorate 1996 Special tabulations of accident data held in the New South Wales accident database New South Wales Roads & Traffic Authority Sydney, Australia
- Searle, John A. Searle, Angela 1983 “The Trajectories of Pedestrians, Motorcycle, Motorcyclists, etc., Following a Road Accident” SAE paper 831622 “Accident Reconstruction Technologies: Pedestrians & Motorcyclists in Automotive Collisions”
- Searle, John A. 1991 “The Physics of Throw Distance in Accident Reconstruction” SAE paper 930659 “Accident Reconstruction: Technology and Animation III”
- Sens, Michael J. Cheng, Philip H. Wiechel, John F. Guenther, Dennis A. 1989 SAE paper 89732 “Motor Vehicle Accident Reconstruction: Review and Update”
- Sivak, M. Olson, P. L. Post, D. V. 1979 “Evaluation of Experimental (including High-Mounted) Configurations of Brake Lights in Actual Traffic” Ann Arbor, Michigan The Highway Safety Research Institute Report No. UM-HSRI-79-87
- Sivak, M. Olson, P. L. Farmer, K. M. 1981 Ann Arbor, Michigan The Highway Safety Research Institute Report No. UM-HSRI-81-31
- Summala, H. 1981 “Driver's Steering Reaction to a Light Stimulus on a Dark Road” Ergonomics 1981 24 125 131
- Summala, H. 1981 “Driver/Vehicle Steering Response Latencies” Human Factors 1981 23 683 692
- Szydlowski, Wieslaw Jenkins, P. E. 1991 “Modeling of a Sliding Phase in Accident Reconstruction” SAE paper 930655 “Accident Reconstruction: Technology and Animation III”
- Thompson, T 1991 “Pedestrian Walking and Running Velocity Study” Accident Reconstruction Journal 3 2 March/April 1991 28 9
- Triggs, T. W. Harris, W. G. 1982 “Reaction Time of Drivers to Road Stimuli” Human Factors Report HFR-12 Department of Psychology, Monash University Melbourne, Australia
- Wortman, R. H. Matthias, J. S. 1983 “An Evaluation of Driver Behaviour at Signalized Intersections” Final Report Arizona Transportation and Traffic Institute Tucson, Arizona 1989