This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Waste Cooking Oil Conversion to Biodiesel in Presence of Solid K 3 PO 4 as Catalyst
Technical Paper
2010-01-1962
ISSN: 0148-7191, e-ISSN: 2688-3627
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Biodiesel obtained from the transesterification of vegetable oil
or animal fat is a promising renewable green alternative fuel for
compression ignition engines. Compression ignition engines are
particularly suitable for medium-to-large road, rail and marine
use. This is due to their excellent efficiency and longer operation
life which is about twice as much as that for spark ignition
engines. The replacement of conventional diesel fuel with biodiesel
fuel is an attractive solution since the latter is regarded as a
renewable, biodegradable, non-poisonous, and oxygenated fuel.
However, existing production technologies offer less competitive
prices than petroleum-derived diesel due to high input feed and
biodiesel purification costs. Non-edible vegetable oils such as
waste cooking oils may be used as cheaper substitutes to virgin
edible vegetable oils in the feed stream. Similarly, the
utilization of solid heterogeneous catalysts in biodiesel synthesis
instead of conventional homogeneous catalysts could diminish the
complexity of biodiesel processing. This is because they can be
easily separated from the reaction mixture and hence, improved
product purity. Therefore, the current study involves the
production of biodiesel fuel from waste cooking oil with ethanol in
presence of tri-potassium phosphate (K₃PO₄) as a solid base
heterogeneous catalyst. The principal variables for the present
study were, ethanol/oil molar ratio (6:1 to 12:1), catalyst
concentration (2-8 wt %), stirring speed (600-1800 r/min), reaction
temperature (30-70°C) and time (1-3 hours).
Runs were conducted following a 5-variable central composite
design of experiments in order to secure the optimal set of
variables combination. Liquid phase composition was determined from
GC-mass analysis. The effect of the operating variables on the
presence of different fatty acid ethyl esters was evaluated. Fuel
properties including iodine and saponification values were
practically calculated for each produced biodiesel sample. Higher
heating value and cetane number were also measured. Thus, the
effect of five examined operating variables on fuel properties was
also evaluated.
Results show that ethanol/oil molar ratio and catalyst
concentration posed the most positive impacts on ethyl ester yield
as well as all the evaluated fuel properties. However, the
influence of catalyst concentration was found to be more obvious.
Reaction temperature displayed a slightly lower effect, while
reaction time depicted the least influence. In contrast, stirring
speed showed a quite negative effect on ethyl ester yield. Optimal
ester yield of (95.2%) was achieved at 12/1 ethanol/oil molar
ratio, 8 wt% catalyst concentration, 600 rpm stirring speed, 70°C
reaction temperature after one hour reaction. Similarly, these
conditions were considered as the optimal route that produces best
fuel quality in terms of higher heating value and cetane
number.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Al-Zaini, E., Adesina, A., and Olsen, J., "Waste Cooking Oil Conversion to Biodiesel in Presence of Solid K3PO4 as Catalyst," SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1962, 2010, https://doi.org/10.4271/2010-01-1962.Also In
References
- Balat, M. 2008 “Biodiesel fuel production from vegetable oils via supercritical ethanol transesterification” Energy Sources, part A 30 429 440
- Bamgboye, A.I Hasen, A.C. 2008 “Prediction of cetane number of biodiesel fuel from the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition” Int. Agrophysics 22 21 29
- Balat, M. Balat, H. 2008 “A critical review of biodiesel as a vehicular fuel” Energy conversion and management 49 2727 2741
- Bournay, L. Casanave, D. Delfort, B. Hillion, G Chodorge, J. A. 2005 “New heterogeneous process for biodiesel production: A way to improve the quality and the value of the curde glycerin produced by biodiesel plants” Catalyst Today 106 190 192
- Canakci, M. Sanli, H. 2008 “Biodiesel production from various feed stocks and their effects on the fuel properties” J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35 431 441
- Centikaya, M. Karaosmanoglu, F. 2004 “Optimisation of base-catalysed transesterification reaction of used cooking oil” Energy Fuels 18 1888 95
- Demirbas, A. 1998 “Fuel properties and calculation of higher heating values of vegetable oils” Fuel 1998 77 1117 1120
- Demerbas, A. 2009 “Production of biodiesel from Algae oils” Energy Sources 31 163 168
- Dorado, M. P. Ballesteros, E. Arnal, J. M Gomez, J. Lopez, FJ. 2003 “Exhaust emissions from a Diesel engine fuelled with transesterified waste olive oil” Fuel 82 1311 1315
- Encinar, Jose. M Gonzalez, Juan. F. Reinares, Antonio Rodriguez 2005 “Biodiesel from used frying oil. Variables affecting the yields and characteristics of the biodiesel” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res 44 5491 5499
- Gao, Lijing. Xu, Bo. Xiao, Guomin Lv, Jianhua 2008 “Transesterification of palm oil with methanol to biodiesel over a KF/Hydrotalcite solid catalyst” Energy & Fuels 22 3531 3535
- Georgogianni, K. G. Katsoulidis, A. K. Pomonis, P. J. Manos, G. Kontominas, M. G. 2009 “Transesterification of rapeseed oil for the production of biodiesel using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst” Fuel processing Technology 90 1016 1022
- Guan, Guoqing. Kusakabe, Katsuki. Yamasaki, Satoko. 2009 “Tri-Potassium phosphate as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil” Fuel Processing Technology 90 520 524
- Hara, Michikazu. 2009 “Environmrntally bening production of biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts” ChemSusChem 2 129 135
- John, B. Hey wood. “Internal combustion engine fundamentals” McGraw-Hill New York 1988
- Jothiramalingam, R Wang, M. K. 2009 “Review of recent development in solid asid, base, and enzyme catalyst (heterogeneous) for biodiesel production via transesterification” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res 48 6162 6172
- Kansedo, jibrail. Lee, keat Teong Bhatia, Subhash. 2008 “Feasibility of palm oil as the feedstock for biodiesel production via heterogeneous transesterification” Chem. Eng. Technol 7 993 999
- Karonis, D. Anastopoulos, G. Zannikos, F. Stournas, S. et al. “Determination of Physicochemical Properties of Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester (FAEE)-Diesel Fuel Blends,” SAE Technical Paper 2009-01-1788 2009 10.4271/2009-01-1788
- Knothe, Gerhard. Bagby, Marvin. O Ryan, Thomas. W. 1998 “Precombustion of fatty acids and esters of biodiesel. A possible explanation for differing cetane numbers” JAOCS 75 no 8
- Kouzu, M. Kasuno, T. Tajika, M. Sugimoto, Y. Yamanaka, S. Hidaka, J. 2008 “Calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and its application to biodiesel production” Fuel 87 2798 2806
- Kouzu, Masato. Hidaka, Jyu-Sule. Komichi, Yoshiya. Nakano, Haruhiko Yamamoto, Mitsuyo. 2009 “A process to transesterify vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of quick lime bit functioning as solid base catalyst” Fuel. 88 1983 1990
- Krisnangkura, Kanit 1986 “A simple method for estimation of Cetane Index of vegetable oil methyl esters” Jaocs 63 No 4
- Li, Eugena Rudolph, Victor. 2008 “Transesterification of Vegetable Oil to Biodiesel over MgO-Functionalized Mesoporous catalysts” Energy & Fuels 22 145 149
- Liu, Xuejun. (a) Piao, Xianglan. Wang, Yujun Zhu, Shenlin. 2008 “Calcium Ethoxide as a solid base catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel” Energy & Fuels 22 1313 1317
- Liu, Xuejun. (b) Piao, Xianglan. Wang, Yujun. Zhu, Shenlin He, Huayang. 2008 ”Calcium methoxide as a solid base catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol” Energy & Fuels 22 1313 1317
- Liu, Xuejun. (c) He, Huayang. Wang, Yujun. Zhu, Shenlin Piao, Xianglan. 2008 ”Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst” Fuels 87 216 221
- Marchetti, J. M Miguel, V. U Errazu, A. F. 2008 ”Techno-economic study of different alternatives for biodiesel production” Fuel processing technology 89 740 748
- Noiroj, Krisada. Intarapong, Pisitpong. Luengenaruemitchai, Apanee Jai-In, Samai. 2009 ”A comparative study of KOH/A1 2 O 3 and KOH/NaY catalyst for biodiesel production via transesterification from palm oil” Renewable Energy 34 1145 1150
- Peterson, C.L. Cook, J.L. Thompson, J. C. Taberski, J.S. 2002 ”Continuous flow biodiesel production” Appl. Eng. Agric 18 5 11
- Phan, Anh. A. Phan, Tan. M. 2008 ”Biodiesel production from waste cooking oils” Fuel 87 3490 3496
- Reddy, C.R.V. Oshel, R. Verkade, J.G. 2006 Room-temperature conversion of soybean oil and poultry fat to biodiesel catalyzed by nanocrystalline calcium oxides Energy Fuels 20 1310 1314
- Sharmer, K. Herstellung, Umweltaspekte bei Von, Verwendung. 1993 “RME, in: RME hearing Ministry for Agriculture Vienna, Austria
- Singh, Alok Kumar Fernando, Sandun D. 2008 “Transesterification of Soybean oil using heterogeneous catalyst” Energy & Fuels 22 2067 2069
- Suppalakpanya, K. Ratanawilai, S. B. Tongurai, C. 2010 “Production of ethyl ester from esterified crude palm oil by microwave with dry washing by bleaching earth” Applied Energy 2010
- Vyas, Amish P. Subrahmanyam, N Patel, Payal A. 2009 ”Production of biodiesel through transesterification of jatropha oil using KNO 3 /Al 2 O 3 solid catalyst” Fuel 88 625 628
- Xie., W, Yang., Z, 2007 ”Ba-ZnO catalysts for soybean oil transesterification” Catalysis Letters 117 159 165
- Wan, Tao. Wqang, Shenggang Luo, Yunbai. 2009 ”Application of sodium Aluminate as a heterogeneous base catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil” Energy & Fuels 23 1089 1092
- Xie, Wenlei. (a) Peng, Hong Chen, Ligong. 2006 ”Calcined Mg-Al hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts for methanolysis of soybean oil” Journal of Molecular catalysis A: Chemical 246 24 32
- Xie, Wenlei. (b) Peng, Hong Chen, Ligong. 2006 ”Transesterification of soybean oil catalysed by potassium loaded on alumina as a solid - base catalyst” Appled Catalysis A: General 300 67 74
- Xie, Wenlei © Li, Haitao. 2006 ”Alumina-supported potassium iodide as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 255 1 9
- Zabeti, Masoud. Daud, Wan Ashri, Wan Mohd Kheireddine., Aroua, Mohamed 2009 ”Activity of sold catalysts for biodiesel production: A review” Fuel Processing Technology 90 770 77