Advancing Safety Measures: Exploring Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway and Battery Thermal Management Strategies

In the era of EV adoption, lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in commercial and industrial applications. Under normal operating conditions, lithium-ion batteries are safe. However, they are highly sensitive to abnormal conditions, which can pose safety hazards. The primary safety concern with lithium-ion batteries is temperature management. Battery thermal runaway can lead to extended fires or explosions if left unattended. Nowadays, there is a wide range of lithium-ion battery technologies, with some considered comparatively safe, while others are more prone to thermal runaway due to battery mismanagement. This research emphasizes that thermal runaway can result from mechanical abuse, electrical abuse, or thermal abuse, heat generation phenomena, and critical thermal issues such as the solid electrolyte interface theory potentially leading to battery electrolyte leakage, fires, and explosions. Addressing these risks requires robust battery thermal management strategies and advancements in technology to ensure the safe operation of lithium-ion batteries across diverse applications, underscores the importance of ongoing research and innovation in BTMS to meet the growing demand for reliable and safe energy storage systems in the modern era.