This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Variable Air Composition with Polymer Membrane - A New Low Emissions Tool
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Air can be enriched with oxygen and/or nitrogen by selective permeation through a nonporous polymer membrane; this concept offers numerous potential benefits for piston engines. The use of oxygen-enriched intake air can significantly reduce exhaust emissions (except NOx), improve power density, lessen ignition delay, and allow the use of lower-grade fuels. The use of nitrogen-enriched air as a diluent can lessen NOx emissions and may be considered an alternative to exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). Nitrogen-enriched air can also be used to generate a monatomic-nitrogen stream, with nonthermal plasma, to treat exhaust NOx. With such synergistic use of variable air composition from an on-board polymer membrane, many emissions problems can be solved effectively. This paper presents an overview of different applications of air separation membranes for diesel and spark-ignition engines. Membrane characteristics and operating requirements are examined for use in automotive engines. Several prototype membranes have been developed and tested, and the impli-cations of their various characteristics are evaluated in terms of achieving lower parasitic power requirements and smaller module sizes. Prototype test results show that current polymer membranes can meet the needs of automotive engines and have the potential for a wide variety of applications. Based on our studies, a new variable air composition concept is proposed to achieve low emissions goals for both diesel and spark-ignition engines.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Poola, R., Stork, K., Sekar, R., Callaghan, K. et al., "Variable Air Composition with Polymer Membrane - A New Low Emissions Tool," SAE Technical Paper 980178, 1998, https://doi.org/10.4271/980178.Also In
References
- Gottberg, I. Rydquist J.E. Backlund O. Wallman S. Maus W. Bruck R. Swars H. “New Potential Exhaust Gas After-Treatment Technologies for ‘Clean Car’ Legislation,” SAE Paper 910840 1991
- Moses, G. Saricks C. “A Review of Methanol Vehicles and Air Quality Impacts,” SAE Paper 872053 1987
- Maxwell, T.T. Setty V. Jones J.C. Narayan R. “The Effect of Oxygen Enriched Air on the Performance and Emissions of an Internal Combustion Engine,” SAE Paper 932804 1993
- Rigby, G.R. Watson H.C. “Application of Membrane Gas Separation to Oxygen Enrichment of Diesel Engines,” Journal of Membrane Science 87 159 169 1994
- Karim, G.A. Ward G. “The Examination of the Combustion Processes in a Compression-Ignition Engine by Changing the Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Intake Charge,” SAE Paper 680767 1968
- Ghojel, J. Hilliard J.C. Levendis J.A. “Effect of Oxygen-Enrichment on the Performance and Emissions of I.D.I. Diesel Engines,” SAE Paper 830245 1983
- Watson, H.C. Milkins E.E. Rigby G.R. “A New Look at Oxygen Enrichment 1) The Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 900344 1990
- Virk, K.S. Kokturk U. Bartles C.R. “Effects of Oxygen-Enriched Air on Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions and Engine Performance,” SAE Paper 931004 1993
- Iida, N. Suzuki Y. Sato G.T. Sawada T. “Effects of Intake Oxygen Concentration on the Characteristics of Particulate Emissions from D.I. Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 861233 1986
- Sekar, R.R. Marr W.W. Schaus J.E. Cole R.L. Marciniak T.J. “Diesel Engine Experiments with Oxygen Enrichment, Water Addition and Lower-Grade Fuel,” Proceedings of the 25 th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference 4 1990
- Wartinbee, W.J., Jr. “Emissions Study of Oxygen-Enriched Air,” SAE Paper 710606 1971
- Quader, A.A. “Exhaust Emissions and Performance of a Spark-Ignition Engine Using Oxygen-Enriched Intake Air,” Combustion Science and Technology 19 81 86 1978
- Willumeit, H.P. Bauer M. “Emissions and Performance of an S.I. Engine Inducting Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Air,” MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift 49 149 152 1988
- Kajitani, S. Sawa N. McComiskey T. Rhee K.T. “A Spark Ignition Engine Operated by Oxygen Enriched Air,” SAE Paper 922174 1992
- Kajitani, S. Clasen E. Campbell S. Rhee K.T. “Partial-Load and Start-up Operations of Spark-Ignition Engine with Oxygen Enriched Air,” SAE Paper 932802 1993
- Poola, R.B. Ng H.K. Sekar R.R. Baudino J.H. Colucci C.P. “Utilizing Intake-Air Oxygen-Enrichment Technology to Reduce Cold-Phase Emissions,” SAE Paper 952420 1995
- Singsby, J.E. et al. “Volatile Emission Compounds from 46 In-Use Passenger Cars,” Environmental Science and Technology 21 5 1987
- Nichols, R.J. Clinton E.L. King E.T. Smith C.S. Wineland R.J. “A View of Flexible Fuel Vehicle Aldehyde Emissions,” SAE Paper 881200 1988
- Poola, R.B. Ng H.K. Sekar R.R. Baudino J.H. Colucci C.P. “The Effects of Oxygen-Enriched Intake Air on FFV Exhaust Emissions Using M85,” SAE Paper 961171 1996
- Dürnholz, M. Eifler G. Endres H. “Exhaust Gas Recirculation - A Measure to Reduce Exhaust Emissions of DI Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 920725 1992
- Ladommatos, N. Balian R. Horrocks R. Cooper L. “The Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Combustion and NO x Emissions in a High-Speed Direct-Injection Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 960840 1996
- Psaras, D. Summers J.C. Das P.K. Ceynow K. Khair M.K. DiSilverio W. “Achieving the 2004 Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions Using Electronic EGR and a Cerium Based Fuel Borne Catalyst,” SAE Paper 970189 1997
- Nagai, T. Endo H. Nakamura H. Yano H. “Soot and Valve Train Wear in Passenger Car Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 831757 1983
- Nagaki, H. Korematsu K. “Effect of Sulfur Dioxide in Recirculated Exhaust Gas on Wear within Diesel Engines,” JSME Int'l J 38 3 465 474 1995
- Arcoumanis, C. Nagwaney A. Hentschel W. Röpke S. “Effect of EGR on Spray Development, Combustion and Emissions in a 1.9L Direct-Injection Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 952356 1995
- Yu, R.C. Shahed S.M. “Effects of Injection Timing and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Emissions from a D.I. Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 811234 1981
- Röpke, S. Schweimer G.W. Strauss T.S. “NO x Formation in Diesel Engines for Various Fuels and Intake Gases,” SAE Paper 950213 1995
- Plee, S.L. Ahmad T. Myers J.P. “Flame Temperature Correlation for the Effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Diesel Particulate and NO x Emissions,” SAE Paper 811195 1981
- Bowen, C.E. Reader G.T. Potter I.J. “NO x and Marine Diesel Design and Operation,” SAE Paper 960777 1996
- Li, J. Chae J.O. Park S.B. Paik H.J. Park J.K. Jeong Y.S. Lee S.M. Choi Y.J. “Effect of Intake Composition on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of DI Diesel Engine at High Intake Pressure,” SAE Paper 970322 1997
- Callaghan, K. Nemser S. Poola R.B. Stork K.C. Sekar R.R. “Nitrogen Enriched Intake Air for the Reduction of NO x in Diesel Engines,” SAE Congress & Exposition 1998
- Hilliard, J.C. Weinberg F.J. “Effect of Nitrogen-Containing Plasmas on Stability, NO Formation and Sooting of Flames,” Nature 259 556 557 1976
- Morimune, T. Ejiri Y. “Removal of Nitrogen Oxides Contained in Combustion Exhaust Gas by Nitrogen Plasma Injection,” JSME Int'l J. 37 4 945 950 1994
- Ng, H.K. Novick V.J. Sekar R.R. “Using Monatomic Nitrogen Induced by a Pulsed Arc to Remove Nitrogen Oxides from a Gas Stream,” Proceedings of the ASME Fall Technical Conference 25 1 73 80 1995
- Winston Ho, W.S. Sirkar K.K. Membrane Handbook Chapman & Hall New York 1992
- Koros, W.J. Chern R.T. Handbook of Separation Process Technology John Wiley and Sons 1987
- Baker, R.H. Cussler E.L. Eykamp W. Koros W.J. Riley R.L. Strathmann H. “Membrane Separation Systems: A Research Needs Assessment Final Report,” U.S. Department of Energy 2 1990
- Gollan, A.Z. Kleper M.H. “Research into an Asymmetric Membrane Hollow Fibre Device for Oxygen-Enriched Air Production” Phase II Report, DOE Contract DE-AC07-83 ID 12429 Dec. 1985
- Ragland, K.W. Whipple J.G. “Test and Evaluation of Polymeric Membranes for Oxygen-Enrichment of Air,” U.S. Department of Energy 1989
- Nemser, S.M. Roman I.C. “Perfluorodioxole Membranes,” Sept. 24 1991
- Anand, J.N. Bales S.E. Feay D.C. Jeanes T.O. “Tetrabromo Bisphenol Based Polycarbonate Membranes and Method of Using,” 1989
- Brandup, J. Immergut E.H. Polymer Handbook Second John Wiley and Sons 1975
- Stern, S.A. “Polymers for Gas Separations: The Next Decade - Review,” J. of Membrane Science 94 1 65 1994
- Pan, C.Y. Habgood H. “An Analysis of the Single-Stage Gaseous Permeation Process,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Fundam. 13 4 323 331 1974
- Poola, R.B. Sekar R.R. “Demonstration of Oxygen-Enriched Combustion System on a Light-Duty Vehicle to Reduce Cold-Start Emissions,” Proceedings of the 30 th Int'l Symposium on Automotive Technology & Automation (ISATA) 301 310 1997
- Poola, R.B. Sekar R.R. Cole R.L. “Variable Oxygen/Nitrogen Enriched Intake Air System for Internal Combustion Engine Applications,” 1997