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CRASH-97 - Refinement of the Trajectory Solution Procedure
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Abstract
The trajectory solution procedures of the original CRASH program included both the SPIN routine and an exploratory trajectory simulation option to approximate and refine the linear and angular velocities at separation. The resulting separation speeds were then used to determine the impact speeds by means of application of the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
This paper presents a detailed review of the logic, rationale and limitations of the trajectory solution procedures of the original CRASH program and discusses a number of refinements including: incorporation of the principle of conservation of angular momentum, approximations of the effects of changes during collision in the positions and orientations of the two vehicles and of the effects of external forces and moments that act on the two-body system during the collision, and adaptations of optimization techniques for error reduction and convergence in iterative solutions.
The overall effects of the refinements to the CRASH trajectory algorithm on reconstruction results are illustrated by direct comparisons of results with SMAC reconstructions of full scale collision tests.
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Citation
McHenry, B. and McHenry, R., "CRASH-97 - Refinement of the Trajectory Solution Procedure," SAE Technical Paper 970949, 1997, https://doi.org/10.4271/970949.Also In
References
- McHenry, R.R. “The CRASH Program - A simplified Collision Reconstruction Program” Proceedings of the Motor Vehicle Collision Investigation Symposium Calspan 1975
- McHenry, R.R. Lynch, J.P. “User's Manual for the Crash Computer Program” Calspan Report No. ZQ-5708-V-3 Jan 1976
- NHTSA “CRASH3 User's Guide and Technical Manual” National Highway Traffic Safety Administration April 1982
- Tsongos, N.G. “CRASH3 Technical Manual” U.S. DOT, NHTSA, NCSS, Accident Investigation Division July 1986
- Day, T.D. Hargens, R.L. “Differences Between EDCRASH and CRASH3” SAE Paper 85-0253
- Day, T.D. Hargens, R.L. “Further Validation of EDCRASH Using the RICSAC Staged Collisions” SAE Paper 89-0740
- Day, T.D. Siddall, D.E. “Validation of Several Reconstruction and Simulation Models in the HVE Scientific Visualization Environment” SAE Paper 96-0891
- McHenry, R. R. Lynch, J. P. Segal, D. J. “Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions” Calspan Report ZQ-6057-V-1 Jun 1977
- Shoemaker, N. E. “Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions - Staged Collisions, Vol. II & Vol. III” Calspan Report ZQ-6057-V-4 & V-5 December 1978
- Jones, I. S. Baum, A. S. “Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions - Volume IV - Staged Collision Reconstructions” Calspan Report ZQ-6057-V-6 December 1978
- Smith, R.A. Noga, J.T. “Examples of Staged Collisions in Accident Reconstruction” ASME Winter Meeting Nov 1980 “Highway Collision Reconstruction
- Brach, R. M. “Impact Analysis of Two-Vehicle Collisions” SAE Paper 83-0468
- Bundorf, R.T. “Analysis and Calculation of Delta-V from Crash Test Data” SAE Paper 96-0899
- Woolley, R.L. “The “IMPAC” Computer Program for Accident Reconstruction” SAE Paper 85-0254
- Wooley, R.L. Warner, C.Y. Tagg, M.D. “Inaccuracies in the CRASH3 Program” SAE Paper 85-0255
- Cliff, E.C. Montgomery, D.T. “Validation of PC-CRASH - A Momentum Based Accident Reconstruction Program” SAE Paper 96-0885
- Day, T. D. Hargens, R.L. “Further Validation of EDSMAC Using the RICSAC Staged Collisions” SAE Paper No. 90-0102
- McHenry, B.G. McHenry, R. R. “RICSAC-97 - A Reevaluation of the Reference Set of Full Scale Crash Tests” SAE Paper 97-0961 1997 SAE International Congress
- McHenry, R.R. “Development of a Computer Program to Aid the Investigation of Highway Accidents” December 1971 Calspan Report VJ-2979-V-1
- McHenry, R.R. “A Computer Program for Reconstruction of Highway Accidents” SAE Paper 73-0980, Proceedings of the 17 th Stapp Car Conference November 1973
- 18 refined CRASH3
- James, M.E. Hayes, E.R. Whittington, C. “Improvement of Accident Simulation Model and Improvement of narrow Object Accident Reconstruction” Texas Transportation Institute
- 22 refined CRASH3
- McHenry, R.R. McHenry, B.G. “National Crash Severity Study - Quality Contol, Task V: Analysis to Refine Spinout Aspects of CRASH” Calspan Field Services, Inc. January 1981
- McHenry, R.,R. Lynch, J.P. “CRASH 2 User's Manual” Calspan Report ZQ-HS-5-01124 November 1976
- McHenry, R.R. Lynch, J.P. “Revision of the CRASH2 Computer Program” September 1979
- Limpert, R. Andrews, D.F. “Linear and Rotational Momentum for Computing Impact Speeds in Two-Car Collisions (LARM)” SAE paper 91-0123
- Steffan, H. Moser, A. “The Collision and Trajectory Models of PC-CRASH” SAE Paper 96-0886
- Ishikawa, H. “Impact Center and Restitution Coefficients for Accident Reconstruction” Japan Automobile Research Institute SAE Paper 94-0564
- Fonda, A.G. “Nonconservation of Momentum During Impact” SAE Paper 95-0355
- Hostetter, G.H. Santina, M.S. D'Carpio-Montalvo, P. Analytical Numerical and Computational Methods for Science and Engineering Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1991 0-13-026055-X
- Forsythe, G.E. Malcolm, M.A. Moler Computer Methods for Mathemetical Computations C.B.,Prentice-Hall. Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1977 0-13-165332-6
- Etter, D.M. Fortran 77 with Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 1994 0-8053-1770-8
- Press, W.H. Teukolsky, S.A. Vetterling, W.T. Flannery, B.P. Numerical Recipes in Fortran The Art of Scientific Computing Second Cambridge University Press 1992 0 521 43064 X
- McHenry, R.R. McHenry, B.G. “A Revised Damage Analysis Procedure for the CRASH Computer Program” SAE Paper 86-1894
- McHenry, R.R. McHenry, B.G. “Effects of Restitution in the Application of Crush Coefficients” SAE Paper 97-0960 1997 SAE International Congress and Exposition
- Marquard, E. “Progress in the calculations of Vehicle Collisions” Automobiletechnische Zeitschrift 1966
- Kahane, C.J et al “The National Crash Severity Study” Sixth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles 1976 495 516
- Fonda, A.G. Metz, L.D. “Post-Impact Spin, 1968-1993” SAE Paper 93-0653
- Fonda, A.G. “Energy and Major Diversion in Accident Reconstruction” SAE Paper 96-0888
- McHenry, R.R. “The CRASH Program - A simplified Collision Reconstruction Program” Proceedings of the Motor Vehicle Collision Investigation Symposium Calspan 1975
- McHenry, R.R. Lynch, J.P. “User's Manual for the Crash Computer Program” Calspan Report No. ZQ-5708-V-3 Jan 1976
- NHTSA “CRASH3 User's Guide and Technical Manual” National Highway Traffic Safety Administration April 1982
- Tsongos, N.G. “CRASH3 Technical Manual” U.S. DOT, NHTSA, NCSS, Accident Investigation Division July 1986
- Day, T.D. Hargens, R.L. “Differences Between EDCRASH and CRASH3” SAE Paper 85-0253
- Day, T.D. Hargens, R.L. “Further Validation of EDCRASH Using the RICSAC Staged Collisions” SAE Paper 89-0740
- Day, T.D. Siddall, D.E. “Validation of Several Reconstruction and Simulation Models in the HVE Scientific Visualization Environment” SAE Paper 96-0891
- McHenry, R. R. Lynch, J. P. Segal, D. J. “Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions” Calspan Report ZQ-6057-V-1 Jun 1977
- Shoemaker, N. E. “Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions - Staged Collisions, Vol. II & Vol. III” Calspan Report ZQ-6057-V-4 & V-5 December 1978
- Jones, I. S. Baum, A. S. “Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions - Volume IV - Staged Collision Reconstructions” Calspan Report ZQ-6057-V-6 December 1978
- Smith, R.A. Noga, J.T. “Examples of Staged Collisions in Accident Reconstruction” ASME Winter Meeting Nov 1980 “Highway Collision Reconstruction
- Brach, R. M. “Impact Analysis of Two-Vehicle Collisions” SAE Paper 83-0468
- Bundorf, R.T. “Analysis and Calculation of Delta-V from Crash Test Data” SAE Paper 96-0899
- Woolley, R.L. “The “IMPAC” Computer Program for Accident Reconstruction” SAE Paper 85-0254
- Wooley, R.L. Warner, C.Y. Tagg, M.D. “Inaccuracies in the CRASH3 Program” SAE Paper 85-0255
- Cliff, E.C. Montgomery, D.T. “Validation of PC-CRASH - A Momentum Based Accident Reconstruction Program” SAE Paper 96-0885
- Day, T.D. Hargens, R.L. “Further Validation of EDSMAC Using the RICSAC Staged Collisions” SAE Paper No. 90-0102
- McHenry, B.G. McHenry, R.R. “RICSAC-97 - A Reevaluation of the Reference Set of Full Scale Crash Tests” 1997 SAE International congress
- McHenry, R.R. “Development of a Computer Program to Aid the Investigation of Highway Accidents” December 1971 Calspan Report VJ-2979-V-1
- McHenry, R.R. “A Computer Program for Reconstruction of Highway Accidents” SAE Paper 73-0980, Proceedings of the 17 th Stapp Car Conference November 1973
- 18 refined CRASH3
- James, M.E. Hayes, E.R. Whittington, C. “Improvement of Accident Simulation Model and Improvement of narrow Object Accident Reconstruction” Texas Transportation Institute
- 22 refined CRASH3
- McHenry, R.R. McHenry, B.G. “National Crash Severity Study - Quality Contol, Task V: Analysis to Refine Spinout Aspects of CRASH” Calspan Field Services, Inc. January 1981
- McHenry, R.,R. Lynch, J.P. “CRASH 2 User's Manual” Calspan Report ZQ-HS-5-01124 November 1976
- McHenry, R. R. Lynch, J.P. “Revision of the CRASH2 Computer Program” September 1979
- Limpert, R. Andrews, D.F. “Linear and Rotational Momentum for Computing Impact Speeds in Two-Car Collisions (LARM)” SAE paper 91-0123
- Steffan, H. Moser, A. “The Collision and Trajectory Models of PC-CRASH” SAE Paper 96-0886
- Ishikawa, H. “Impact Center and Restitution Coefficients for Accident Reconstruction” Japan Automobile Research Institute SAE Paper 94-0564
- Fonda, A.G. “Nonconservation of Momentum During Impact” SAE Paper 95-0355
- Hostetter, G.H. Santina, M.S. D'Carpio-Montalvo, P. Analytical Numerical and Computational Methods for Science and Engineering Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1991 0-13-026055-X
- Forsythe, G.E. Malcolm, M.A. Moler Computer Methods for Mathemetical Computations C.B.,Prentice- Hall. Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1977 0-13-165332-6
- Etter, D.M. Fortran 77 with Numerical Methods for Engineers and Scientists Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 1994 0-8053-1770-8
- Press, W.H. Teukolsky, S.A. Vetterling, W.T. Flannery, B.P. Numerical Recipes in Fortran The Art of Scientific Computing Second Cambridge University Press 1992 0 521 43064 X
- McHenry, R.R. McHenry, B.G. “A Revised Damage Analysis Procedure for the CRASH Computer Program” SAE Paper 86-1894
- McHenry, R.R. McHenry, B.G. “Effects of Restitution in the Application of Crush Coefficients” 1997 SAE International Congress and Exposition
- Marquard, E. “Progress in the calculations of Vehicle Collisions” Automobiletechnische Zeitschrift 1966
- Kahane, C.J et al “The National Crash Severity Study” Sixth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles 1976 495 516
- Fonda, A.G. Metz, L.D. “Post-Impact Spin, 1968-1993” SAE Paper 93-0653
- Fonda, A.G. “Energy and Major Diversion in Accident Reconstruction” SAE Paper 96-0888