This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effect of Fuel Injection Processes on the Structure of Diesel Sprays
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
A diesel spray model has been developed and validated against experimental data obtained for different injection and surrounding gas conditions to allow investigation of the relative importance of the different physical processes occurring during the spray development. The model is based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian approximation and the Navier-Stokes equations, simulating the gas motion, are numerically solved on a collocated non-uniform curvilinear non-orthogonal grid, while the spray equation is solved numerically using a Lagrangian particle tracking method. The injection conditions are determined by another recently developed model calculating the flow in the fuel injection system, the sac volume and injection holes area which accounts for the details of the injection velocity, the fuel injection rate per injection hole and occurrence of hole cavitation. Thus, differences between the sprays from inclined multihole injectors can be simulated and analysed.
Several spray sub-models have been implemented into the code, and their influence on the predicted droplet characteristics was evaluated. These models account for liquid core atomization, droplet secondary breakup, droplet collisions, droplet impingement, droplet turbulent dispersion and droplet evaporation. Aerodynamic-induced atomization, jet turbulence-induced atomization and cavitation-induced atomization introduced by a new sub-model are the three mechanisms considered to be responsible for the liquid core primary break-up; the vibrational, bag, chaotic, stripping and catastrophic break-up regimes are taken into account using different droplet secondary break-up models reported in the literature. A new sub-model based on the maximum entropy formalism is used for the calculation of the droplet size distribution. Coalescence, bouncing and separation are the mechanisms accounting for droplet-droplet interaction and a model assuming isotropic turbulence is used for the calculation of the gas turbulence effects on droplet diffusion. Evaporation has been considered assuming both uniform droplet temperature and its variation within the volume of the droplet. Effects attributed to droplet deformation, as calculated by the break-up model, frequently neglected in other existing spray models, are found to play an important role on the fuel evaporation rate; heat and mass transfer correlations for the flow around spheroids were used for these calculations. In the case of spray impingement on a wall, the rebounding, splashing and sticking regimes were considered, representing different physical assumptions adopted for the simulation of droplet-wall interactions; these models account for the effects of wall roughness, presence of wall film and wall temperature on the properties of the secondary droplets ejected from the wall.
Experimental test cases used for model validation include free atmospheric sprays injected into quiescent or cross flowing air, impinging sprays and diesel sprays in engine cylinders. Extensive comparison between computational and experimental results has been performed for the temporal and spatial variation of the droplet size and droplet velocities, the spray tip penetration and the global spray structure. The results revealed that the dominant parameters influencing diesel spray development and its mixing with the surrounding air are hole cavitation, injection velocity and droplet deformation.
Recommended Content
Authors
Citation
Arcoumanis, C., Gavaises, M., and French, B., "Effect of Fuel Injection Processes on the Structure of Diesel Sprays," SAE Technical Paper 970799, 1997, https://doi.org/10.4271/970799.Also In
References
- Glekas J.P. Bergeles G.C. ‘A numerical method for recirculating flows on generalized coordinates: Application in enviromental flows’ Appl. Math. Modeling 17 506 1993
- Demerdzic I Peric M. ‘Finite volume method for prediction of fluid flow in arbitrary shaped domains with moving boundaries’ Int. Journal for Numerical methods in fluids 10 771 1990
- Theodorakakos A. ‘Study and numerical simulation of the manifold and in-cylinder engine flow of a 4 stroke IC engine’ National Technical University Athens 1997
- Ramos J. I. Internal Combustion Engine Modelling Hemisphere Publishing Corporation 1989
- Amsden A.A. O'Rourke P.J. Butler T.D. ‘KIVA-II: A computer program for chemically reactive flows with sprays’ Los Alamos report LA-11560-MS May 1989
- Williams F.A. Combustion Theory The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 1985
- Travis J.R. Harlow F.H. Amsden A.A. “Numerical Calculation of Two-Phase Flows” Nuclear Science and Engineering 61 1 10 1976
- Drew D.A. “Mathematical Modelling of Two-Phase Flow” Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech 15 261 291 1983
- Mostafa A.A. Elghobashi S.E. “A two-equation turbulence model for jet flows laden with vaporizing droplets” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 11 515 533 1985
- Mostafa A. A. Mongia H.C. “On the modelling of turbulent evaporating sprays:Eulerian versus Lagrangian approach” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 30 2583 2593 1987
- Gidaspow D. “Hydrodymanics of fluidization and heat transfer: supercomputer modeling” Appl. Mech. Rev. 39 1 22 1986
- Gidaspow D. Multiphase Flow and Fluidization Continuum and Kinetic Theory Descriptions Academic Pres Boston, MA 1994
- Batchelor G.K. “A new theory of the instability of a uniform fluidized bed” J. Fluid. Mech. 193 75 110 1988
- O'Rourke P.J. Brackbill J.U. “On Particle-Grid Interpolation and Calculating Chemistry in Particle-in-Cell Methods” J. Comp. Physics 109 37 52 1993
- Andrews M.J. O'Rourke P.J. “The Multiphase Particle-In-Cell (MP - PIC) Method for Dense Particulate Flows” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 22 2 379 402 1996
- Rizk M.A. “Mathematical modelling of densely loaded, particle-ladeb turbulent flows” Atom. Sprays 3 1 27 1993
- O'Rourke P.J. Bracco F.V. “Modelling of drop interactions in thick sprays and a comparison with experiments” IMechE C404/80, Conference on Stratified charge automotive engines November 1980
- Beshay K.R. Gosman A.D. Watkins A.P. “Assessments of Multidimensional diesel spray predictions” 861570 SAE Paper 1986
- Watkins A.P. “Computation of Diesel Sprays by a Non-Iterative Implicit Solution Scheme” Atomization and Spray Technology 3 261 290 1987
- Dukowicz J.K. “A Particle-Fluid Numerical Model for Liquid Sprays” J. Comp. Physics 35 229 253 1980
- Gavaises M. Theodorakakos A. Bergeles G. ‘Modelling wall impaction of diesel sprays’ Int. J. Heat and Fluid flow 1997
- Bergwerk W. “Flow pattern in diesel nozzle spray holes” Proc. Instn. Mech Engrs 173 25 655 674 1959
- Zhen Huang Yiming Shao Shiga Seiichi Nakamura Hisao Karasawa Takao “The orifice flow pattern, pressure characteristics, and their effects on the atomization of fuel containing dissolved gas” Atomization and Sprays 4 123 133 1994
- Suh Park Byung Yong Lee Sang “An experimental investigation of the flash atomization mechanism” Atomization and sprays 4 159 179 1994
- Arai M. ‘Break-up mechanism of a high speed liquid jet and control methods for a spray behavior’ Int. Symposium on Advanced Spray Combustion July 6-8 Hiroshima, Japan 1994
- Soteriou C.C.E. Andrews R.J. Smith M. “Direct Injection Diesel Sprays and the Effect of Cavitation and Hydraulic flip on Atomization” SAE Paper 950080 1995
- Chaves H. Knapp M. Kubitzek A. Obermeier F. Schneider T. “Experimental Study of Cavitation in the Nozzle Hole of Diesel Injectors Using Transparent Nozzles” SAE Paper 950290 1995
- Arcoumanis C. Gavaises M. Bostock P.G. Horrocks R. W. “Evaluation of Pump Design Parameters in Diesel Fuel Injection Systems” SAE Paper 950078 1995
- Arcoumanis C. Fairbrother R. J. Gavaises M. Flora H. French B. “Development and validation of a computer simulation model for diesel fuel injection systems” Proc@IMechE, Part D: Journal of Automotive Engineering 210 149 160 1996
- Gavaises M. ‘Modelling of diesel fuel injection processes’ University of London, Imperial College 1997
- Arcoumanis C. Gavaises M. ‘Linking the nozzle flow with spray characteristics in a diesel fuel injection system’ Atomization and sprays 1997
- McCarthy M.J. Molloy N.A. “Review of Stability of Liquid Jets and the Influence of Nozzle Design” The Chemical Engineering Journal 7 1 20 1974
- Lefebvre H.A. Atomization and Sprays Combustion: An International Series Hemisphere Corporation 1989
- Bayvel L. Orzechowski Z. Liquid Atomization Taylor & Fransis 1993
- Reitz R.D. Bracco F.V. “Mechanism of Atomization of a Liquid Jet” Phys. Fluids 25 2 1982 1730 1741
- Reitz R.D. “Modeling Atomization Processes in High-Pressure Vaporizing Sprays” Atomization and Spray Technology 3 309 337 1987
- Li Xianguo “Mechanism of Atomization of a Liquid Jet” Atomization and Sprays 5 89 105 1995
- Lian Z.W. Reitz R.D. “The Effect of Vaporization and Gas Compressibility on Liquid Jet Atomization” Atomization and Sprays 3 249 264 1993
- Chaves H. Obermeier F. “Modelling the Effect of Modulations of the Injection Velocity on the Structure of Diesel Sprays” SAE Paper 961126 1996
- Huh K.Y. Gosman A.D. “A Phenomenological Model of Diesel Spray Atomization” Proceedings of The International Conference on Multiphase Flows '91-Tsukuba September 24-27 Tsukuba, Japan 1991
- Wu P.-K. Faeth G.M. “Aerodynamic Effects on Primary Breakup of Turbulent Liquids” Atomization and Sprays 3 265 289 1993
- Arcoumanis C. Chang J-C. “Heat transfer between a heated plate and an impinging transient diesel spray” Experiments in Fluids 16 105 119 1993
- Arcoumanis C. Chang J-C “Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of an Impingng Transient Diesel Spray” SAE Paper 940678 1994
- Arcoumanis C. Cutter P.A. “Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Impinging Diesel Sprays Under Cross-Flow Conditions” SAE Paper 950448 1995
- Ranger A.A. Nicholls J.A. “Aerodynamic Shattering of Liquid Drops” AIAA Journal 7 2 February 1969
- Krzeczkowski A.S. “Measurement of liquid droplet disintegration mechanisms” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 6 227 239 1980
- Pilch M. Erdman C.A. “Use of breakup time data and velocity history data to predict the maximum size of stable fragments for acceleration - induced breakup of a liquid drop” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 13 6 741 757 1987
- Wierzba A. “Deformation and breakup of liquid drops in a gas stream an nearly critical Weber numbers” Experiments in Fluids 9 59 64 1990
- Hsiang L.-P. Faeth G. M. “Near limit drop deformation and secondary breakup” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 18 635 652 1992
- Hsiang L.-P. Faeth G. M. “Drop properties after secondary breakup” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 19 5 721 735 1993
- Faeth G.M. Hsiang L.-P. Wu P.-K. “Structure and Breakup properties of sprays” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 21 99 127 1995
- Faeth G.M. Hsiang L.-P. “Drop deformation and breakup due to shock wave and steady disturbances” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 21 4 545 560 1995
- Nigmatulin R.I. Dynamics of Multiphase Media Revised and Augmented 1 Hemisphere Publishing Corporation New York 1991 Nauka Noscow
- Reitz R.D. Diwakar R. “Effect of drop breakup on fuel sprays” SAE Paper 860469 1986
- O'Rourke P.J. Amsden A.A. “The TAB method for numerical calculation od spray droplet breakup” SAE Paper 872089 1987
- Simmons H.C. “The correlation of Drop-Size Distributions in Fuel Nozzle Sprays, Part I: The Drop-Size/Volume-Fraction Distribution” ASME Trans, Journal of Engineering for Power July 1977
- Xu T.-H. Durst F. Tropea C. “The three - parameter log - hyperbolic distribution and its application to particle sizing” Atomization and Sprays 3 109 124 1993
- Sellens R.W. Brzustowski T.A. “A Prediction of the Drop Size Distribution in a Spray from First Principles” Atomization and Spray Technology 1 89 102 2 1987
- Li Xianguo Tankin R.S. “Prediction of Droplet Size and Velocity Distribution in Sprays Using Maximum Entropy Principle” Combust. Sci and Tech. 68 147 155 1989
- Sankagiri N. Ruff G.A. “Extension of Spray Nozzle Correlations to the Prediction of Drop Size Distributions Using Principles of Maximum Entropy” 1993
- Ahmadi M. Sellens R.W. “A simplified maximum-entropy-based drop size distribution” Atomization and Sprays 3 291 310 1993
- Van Der Geld C.W.M. Vermeer H. “Prediction of drop size distributions in sprays using the maximum entropy formalism: the effect of satellite formation” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 20 2 363 381 1994
- Ashgriz N. Givi, P. “Binary collision dynamics of fuel droplets” Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 8 205 210 1987
- Pzuppacher H. R. Klett J. D. “Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation” Reidel, Dordrecht 1978
- Gillespie D.T. J. atmos. Sci. 76 541 556 1975
- Gillespie J.R. List R. “Effects of collision-induced break-up on drop size distributions in steady state rainshafts” Pure appl. Geophys. 1117 559 626 1979
- Brown P.S. “An empirical implicit scheme for efficient solution of the coalescence/collision break-up equation” J. Comp. Phys. 58 417 431 1985
- Kitron A. Elperin T. Tamir A. “Stochastic modelling of the effects of liquid droplet collisions in impinging stream absorbers and combustors” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 17 2 247 265 1991
- Nguyen Q.-V. Rangel R.H. Dunn D. “Measurement and Prediction of Trajectories and collision of Droplets” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 17 2 159 177 1991
- Jiang Y.J. Umemura A. Law C.K. “An experimental investigation on the collision behaviour of hydrocarbon droplets” J. Fluid Mech. 234 171 190 1992
- O'Rourke P.J. ‘Collective drop effects in vaporising fuel sprays’ Prinseton University 1980
- Harris S.E Crighton D.G. “Solitons, solitary waves, and voidage disturbances in gas-fluidized beds” J. Fluid Mech 266 243 276 1994
- Frossling N “On the evaporation of falling droplets” Gerlands Beitr. Geophys. 52 170 216 1938
- Ranz W.E. Marshall W.R. “Evaporation from drops” Chem. Eng. Prog. 48 141 146 173 180 1952
- Shearer A. J. Tamura H. Faeth G.M. “Evaluation of a Locally Homogeneous Flow Model of Spray Evaporation” J. Energy 3 5 271 278 1979
- Faeth G.M. “Evaporation and combustion of sprays” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 9 1 76 1983
- Faeth G.M. “Mixing, transport and combustion in sprays” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 13 293 345 1987
- Aggarwal Suresh K. “Modeling of a dilute vaporizing multicomponent fuel spray” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 30 9 1949 1961 1987
- Abramzon B. Sirignano W.A. “Droplet vaporization model for spray combustion calculations” Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer 32 9 1605 1618 1989
- Wong Shwin-Chung Lin Ar-Cheng “Internal temperature distributions of droplets vaporizing in high-temperature convective flows” J. Fluid Mech. 237 671 687 1992
- Jia H. Gogos G. “High pressure droplet vaporization; effects of liquid-phase gas solubility” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 36 18 4419 4431 1993
- Kneer R. Schneider M. Noll B. Wittig S. “Diffusion controlled evaporation of a multicomponent droplet: theoretical studies on the importance of variable liquid properties” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 36 9 2403 2415 1993
- Delplanque J.-P. Sirignano W.A “Numerical study of the transient vaporization of the oxygen droplet at sub- and super-critical conditions” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 36 2 303 314 1993
- Daidzic N. Kohnen G. Sommerfeld M. “A New Spray Evaporation Model based on Droplet Interface Phenomena” Proceedings of The 2nd International Conference on Multiphase Flow Kyoto, Japan April 1995
- Varnavas C. Assanis D.N. “A High Temperature and High Pressure Evaporation Model for the KIVA-3 Code” SAE Paper 960629 1996
- Holmann S. Klingsporn M. Renz U. ‘An improved model to describe spray evaporation under diesel like conditions’ SAE Paper 960030 1996
- Reid C.R. Prausnitz M.J. Poling E.B. The properties of gases and liquids McGraw-Hill Inc. fourth 1987
- Modarress D. Tan H. Elgobashi S. “Two-Component LDA Measurements in a Two-Phase Turbulent Jet” AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting Reno, Nev. Paper No AIAA-83-0052 1983
- Hinze J.O. “Turbulent Fluid and Particle Interaction” Int. J.Heat Mass Transfer 6 433 452 1972
- O'Rourke P.J. “Statistical Properties and Numerical Implementation of a Model for Droplet Dispersion in a Turbulent Gas” J. Comp. Physics 83 345 360 1989
- Clift R. Grace J.R. Weber M.E. Bubbles, drops, and Particles Academic Press, Inc. 1978
- Rochester M.C. Brunton J.H. ‘Surface pressure distribution during impingement’ the 4th International conference on rain erosion and related phenomena 371 393 Meersburg 1974
- Levin Z. Hobbs P.V. “Splashing of water drops on solid and wetted surfaces: Hydrodynamics and charge separation” Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London A 269 555 585 1971
- Mutchler C.K. ‘The size, travel and composition of droplets formed by water drop splash on thin water layers’ University of Minnesota 1970
- Sommerfeld M. “Modelling of particle - wall collisions in confined gas - particle flows” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 18 6 905 926 1992
- Chandra S. Avedisian C.T. “On the collision of a droplet with a solid surface” Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 432 13 41 1991
- Stow C.D. Stainer R.D. ‘The physical products of a splashing water drop’ Journal of the meteorological society of Japan 55 518 531 1977
- Bai C Gosman A.D. “Development and Methodology for Spray Impingement Simulation” SAE Paper 950284 1995
- Naber J.D. Farrell R.V. “Hydrodynamics of Droplet Impingement on a Heated Surface” SAE Paper 930919 1993
- Macklin W.C. Hobbs P.V. “Subsurface Phenomena and the splashing of Drops on Shallow Liquids” Science 166 107 108 1969
- Hardalupas Y. Okamoto S. Taylor A.M.K.P. Whitelaw J.H. “Application of a Phase Doppler Anemometer to a Spray Impinging on a Disk” Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Laser Techniques and Applications in Fluid Mechanics Lisbon, Portugal 20 23 July 1992
- Bedii Ozdemir I. Whitelaw J.H. “Impingement of an unsteady two-phase jet on unheated and heated flat plates” J. Fluid Mech. 252 499 523 1993
- Takeuchi K. Senda J. Sato Y. “Experimental Studies on the behavior of a small droplet impinging upon a hot surface” ICLASS 82 14 4 1982
- Xiong T.Y. Yuen M.C. ‘Evaporation of a liquid droplet on a hot plate’ Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 1881 1894 1991
- Diez J. A. Gratton R. Thomas L.P. Marino B. ‘Laplace pressure driven drop spreading’ Phys. Fluids 6 24 33 1994
- Chandra S. Avedisian C.T. ‘Observations of droplet impinging on a ceramic porous surface’ Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 35 2377 2388 1992
- Yao S.C. Cai K.Y. ‘Dynamics and heat transfer of drops impacting on a hot surface at small angles’ Proceedings of the 3rd Int. Conf. on liquid atomization and sprays Imperial College London 1985
- Wachters L.H.J. Westerling N.A.J. “The heat transfer from a hot wall to impinging water drops in the spheroidal state” Chemical Engineering Science 1966 21 1047 1056
- Moureau J.C.L. Bolle L. Giot M. ‘Influence of the droplet size distribution on the spray cooling efficiency’ Two-Phase momentum, heat and mass transfer 1 171 184 1979
- Jayaratne O.W. Mason B.J. “The coalescence and bouncing of water drops at an air/water interface” Proc. Royal Soc. London A 280 545 565 1964
- Zhbankova S.L. Kolpakov A.V. ‘Collision of water drops with a plane water surface’ Fluid Dyn. 25 470 473 1991
- Worthington A.M. “Impact with a liquid Surface, Studied by the Aid of Instantaneous Photography” Proc., Roy. Soc. 25 1877
- Bai C. ‘Modelling of spray impingement processes’ University of London, Imperial College 1996
- Baumeister K.J. Simon F.F. “Leidenfrost temperature - its correlation for liquid metals, cryogens, hydrocarbons and water” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 16 166 173 1973
- Avedisian C.T. Koplik J. “Leidenfrost boiling of methanol droplets on hot porous/ceramic surfaces” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 30 379 393 1987
- Naber J.D. Reitz R.D. “Modelling Engine Spray/Wall Impingement” SAE Paper 880107 1988
- Naber J. Enright B. Farrell P. “Fuel Impingement in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine” SAE Paper 881316 1988
- Eckhause J.E. Reitz R.D. “Modeling heat transfer to impinging fuel sprays in direct-injection engines” Atomization and Sprays 5 213 242 1995
- Senda J. Kobayashi M. Iwashita S. Fujimoto H. “Modeling of Diesel Spray Impingement on a Flat Wall” SAE Paper 941894 1994
- Wang D.M. Watkins A.P. “Numerical modeling of diesel spray wall impaction phenomena” Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow 14 3 1993
- Mundo C. Sommerfeld M. Tropea C. “Droplet-Wall collisions: experimental studies of the deformation and breakup process” Int. J. Multiphase Flow 21 2 151 173 1995
- Mundo C. Sommerfeld M. Tropea C. “Numerical and experimental investigation of spray characteristics in the vicinity of a rigit wall” ICLASS 1995, Two Phase Flow Model. and Exp. Rome 1995
- Bai C. Gosman A.D. “Mathematical Modelling of Wall Films Formed by Impinging Sprays” SAE Paper 960626 1996
- Stanton D.W. Rutland C.J. “Modeling Fuel Film Formation and Wall Interaction in Diesel Engines” SAE Paper 960628 1996
- Chang J-C. ‘Diesel spray characteristics and spray/wall heat transfer’ University of London, Imperial College 1994
- Cutter P. ‘Diesel spray characteristics, spray-wall interactions and heat transfer’ University of London, Imperial College 1997
- Nagwaney A. ‘Spray and Combustion Development in a Diesel Engine incorporating Exhaust Gas Recirculation’ University of London, Imperial College 1996
- Clerides D. ‘Numerical simulation of spray processes in diesel engines’ University of London, Imperial College 1997
- Brennen E.C. Cavitation and bubble dynamics Oxford University Press 1995