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Pressures and Forces Induced by the Ground Vortex
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English
Abstract
When the jet stream from a fan or jet powered STOVL aircraft impinges on the ground during STOL operation, the part of the impinging flow that is directed forward is opposed by the free stream (fig. 1) and rolled up into a horseshoe shaped ground vortex. This ground vortex induces pressures on the lower side of the model that can significantly affect the forces and moments experienced in STOL operation.
Available methods for estimating the lift and moment induced by the ground vortex (ref. 1 - 2) are based primarily on force data. This paper presents a review of an ongoing analysis of the effects of the ground vortex that is based on detailed lower surface pressure distributions (ref. 3). The estimating method that is being developed is demonstrated using some comparisons with experimental data.
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Citation
Kuhn, R., "Pressures and Forces Induced by the Ground Vortex," SAE Technical Paper 962254, 1996, https://doi.org/10.4271/962254.Also In
References
- Stewart, V.R. Kuhn, R.E. “A Method for Estimating the Propulsion Induced Aerodynamic Characteristics of STOL Air-craft in Ground Effect” Aug. 1983
- Stewart, V.R. Kuhn, R.E. “Estimation of Lift and Pitching Moment Induced on Jet STOVL Aircraft by the Ground Vortex” Aug. 1993
- Kuhn, R.E. “An Analysis of the Pressures, Forces and Moments Induced by the Ground Vortex Generated by a Single Impinging Jet” rekuhn@pacbell.net
- Kuhn, R.E. Stewart, V.R. “Lift and Pitching Moment Induced on Jet STOVL Aircraft Hovering in Ground Effect - Data Report” June 1993
- Kuhn, R.E. Stewart, V.R. Wardwell, D.A. “Estimation of Lift and Pitching Moments Induced on Jet STOVL Aircraft Hovering in Ground Effect” Aug. 1993
- Kuhn, R.E. “An Empirical Method for Estimating the Jet Induced Lift and Pitching Moment on STOVL Aircraft out of Ground Effect”
- Turner, T.R. “A Moving-Belt Ground Plane for Wind-Tunnel Ground Simulation and Results for Two Jet-Flap Configurations” Nov. 1967
- Stewart, V.R. Kemmerly, G. “Characteristics of the Ground Vortex Formed by a Jet Moving over a Fixed Ground Plane” Jan. 1989
- Kuhn, R.E. Del Frate, J.H. Eshleman, J.E. “Ground Vortex Flow Field Investigation” “1987 Ground Vortex Workshop” 61 90 April 1987
- Cimbala, J.M. Billet, M.L. Gaublomme, D.P. “Experiments on the Unsteady Ground Vortex” Aug. 1990
- Vogler, R.D. “Ground Effects on Single-and Multiple-Jet VTOL Models at Transition Speeds over Stationary and Moving Ground Planes” Jan. 1966