This content is not included in
your SAE MOBILUS subscription, or you are not logged in.
Effects of Fuel Composition on In-Cylinder Air/Fuel Ratio During Fuelling Transients in an SI Engine, Measured Using Differential Infra-Red Absorption
Annotation ability available
Sector:
Language:
English
Abstract
Departures from optimum stoichiometry during transients (acceleration and deceleration) and cold start can lead to significant degradation in driveability and emissions control. Such departures occur as a result of a complex interplay between fuel transport mechanisms and the fuelling strategy. The relative contributions of several of these mechanisms are affected by fuel composition. To help understand these effects an open-path differential infra-red absorption technique has been used to monitor the transient evolution of the fuel vapour phase directly within the combustion chamber.
The sensor projected a narrow infra-red beam which traversed the cylinder of an optical access engine along an open path under the head, and measured the path-integrated attenuation caused by absorption of the infra-red radiation by the fuel vapour. It operated in the near infrared (NIR) spectral region around 2.3 μm, an absorption band in hydrocarbon species containing methyl groups. The signal was ratioed against a collinear reference measurement made at 2.1 μm, to correct for attenuation due to liquid phase droplets and deposit accumulation on windows. The dual-wavelength differential absorption scheme, coupled with phase sensitive detection, provided a robust measurement which was readily adapted to the noisy engine environment.
The technique was used to measure the effect of fuel distillation characteristics on the response of the in-cylinder air/fuel ratio to a simple fuel shut-off transient. A full boiling range gasoline was compared with three single component fuels with different boiling points: isopentane, iso-octane, and xylene, representing the volatilities of the light end, mid-range and heavy ends of a typical gasoline. The delay between fuel shut-off and in-cylinder AFR response increased with increasing boiling point of the component. It was very short for iso-pentane and iso-octane, longer for toluene and longer still for xylene. The results were analysed using a simple physical model of mixture preparation which considers the relative contributions of inlet port liquid wall film and entrained fuel transport. This method enabled measurements to be made of the steady state wall film mass. Very little fuel was stored in the wall film reservoir when the lighter components were used, but the mass stored in the reservoir was much higher for xylene. Comparison with the results for gasoline suggests that the heavy ends made the dominant contribution to the wall film reservoir mass; the contribution from lighter components was small.
Recommended Content
Authors
Topic
Citation
Skippon, S., Nattrass, S., Kitching, J., Hardiman, L. et al., "Effects of Fuel Composition on In-Cylinder Air/Fuel Ratio During Fuelling Transients in an SI Engine, Measured Using Differential Infra-Red Absorption," SAE Technical Paper 961204, 1996, https://doi.org/10.4271/961204.Also In
References
- Heywood J. “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals,” McGraw-Hill New York 1988
- Shin Y.G Cheng W.K. Heywood J.B. “Liquid gasoline behaviour in the engine cylinder of an SI engine,” SAE Paper no. 941872 1994
- Ohata A. Ohashi M. Nasu M. Inoue T. “Model based air fuel ratio control for reducing exhaust gas emissions,” SAE Paper no. 950075 1995
- Ohsuga M. Yamaguchi J. Kawabe R. Momono M. “In-cylinder air fuel ratio and combustion control for spark ignition engines,” SAE Paper no. 950076 1995
- Sekozawa T. et al. “Development of a highly accurate air fuel ratio control method based on internal state estimation,” SAE Paper no. 92029 1992
- Dobner D.J. “A mathematical engine model for development of dynamic engine control,” SAE Paper no. 80054 1980
- Aquino C.F. Fozo S.R. “Steady-state and transient A/F control requirements for cold operation of a 1.6 liter engine with single point fuel injection,” SAE Paper no. 850509 1985
- Hamburg D.R. “The measurement and improvement of the transient A/F characteristics of an electronic fuel injection system,” SAE Paper no. 820766 1982
- Aquino C.F. “Transient A/F control characteristics of the 5 liter central fuel injection engine,” SAE Paper no. 810494 1981
- Hires S.D. Overington M.T. “Transient mixture strength excursions - an investigation of their causes and the development of a constant mixture strength fuelling strategy,” SAE Paper no. 810495 1981
- Kay I.W. “Manifold fuel film effects in an SI engine,” SAE Paper no. 780944 1978
- Nakajima Y. Saito T. Takaji Y. Katoh K. Lijima T. “The influence of fuel characteristics on vaporization in the S.I. engines cylinder during cranking at low temperature,” SAE Paper no. 780612 1978
- Daniels C.H. Evers L.W. “The influence of mixture preparation on a warm 1.9L Ford engine,” SAE Paper no. 940444 1994
- Bourke M. Comben Evers L.W. “Fuel film dynamics in the intake port of a fuel injected engine,” SAE Paper no. 940446 1994
- Onder C.H. Geering H.P. “Measurement of the wall-wetting dynamics of a sequential injection spark ignition engine,” SAE Paper no. 940447 1994
- Takeda K. Yaegashi T. Sekiguchi K. Saito K. Imtake N. “Mixture preparation and HC emissions of a 4-valve engine with port fuel injection during cold starting and warm-up,” SAE Paper no. 950074 1995
- Saito Sekiguchi K. Imtake N. Takeda K. Yaegashi T. “A new method to analyze fuel behaviour in a spark ignition engine,” SAE Paper no. 950044 1995
- Nagaisi H. et al “An analysis of wall flow and behaviour of fuel induction system of gasoline engine,” SAE Paper no. 89087 1989
- Benninger N.F. Plapp G. “Requirements and performance of engine management systems under transient conditions,” SAE Paper no. 910083 1991
- Servati H.B. Yuen W.W. “Deposition of fuel droplets in horizontal intake manifolds and the behaviour of fuel film flow on its walls,” SAE Paper no. 840239 1984
- Chen G. Vincent M.T. Gutermuth T.R. “The behaviour of multiphase fuel-flow in the intake port,” SAE Paper no. 940445 1994
- Pontopiddian M. Christiani M. “Consequences of atomization improvement of port injectors by air shrouding - theory and industrial solution,” SAE Paper no. 930322 1993
- Shayler P.J. Teo Y.C. Scarisbrick A. “Fuel transport characteristics of spark ignition engines for transient fuel compensation,” SAE Paper no. 950067 1995
- Furuyama M. Jie Zhang “Air flow characteristics during transient condition of SI engine with multi-point injections type manifold,” SAE Paper no. 950066 1995
- Chen K-C DeWitte K. Cheng W.K. “Fuel effects and enrichment effects on engine starting and warm-up behaviour,” SAE Paper no. 950065 1995
- Muller H. Bellmann H. Himmelsbach J. Elasser A. Samenfink W. Hallmann M. “Mixture preparation and wall film behaviour in suction pipes of SI-engines part 2: investigations in a real engine under working conditions,” MTZ Motortechnische Zeitschrift 55 4 220 226 1994
- Collings N. “A new technique for measuring HC concentration in real time, in a running engine,” SAE Paper no. 880517 1988
- Cheng W.K. Galliot F. “On the time delay in continuous in-cylinder sampling from IC engines,” SAE Paper no. 890579 1989
- Galliot F. Cheng W.K. Cheng C.O. Sztenderowicz M. Heywood J.B. “In-cylinder measurements of residual gas concentration in a spark ignition engine,” SAE Paper no. 900485 1990
- Meyer R.C Thring R.H. “Mixture preparation measurements,” SAE Paper no. 950069 1995
- Johnston S.C. Green R.M. “Engine hydrocarbon concentration measurements: a comparison between sampling probe and Raman spectroscopy,” SAE Paper no. 820499 1982
- LoRusso J.A. Lavoie G.A. Kaiser E.W. “An electrohydraulic gas sampling valve with application to hydrocarbon emissions studies,” SAE Paper no. 80045 1980
- Johnston S.C. “Precombustion fuel/air distribution in a stratified charge engine using laser Raman spectroscopy,” SAE Paper no. 790433 1979
- Grunefeld G. Beushausen V. Andresen P. Hentschel W. “A major origin of cyclic energy conversion variations in SI engines: cycle-by-cycle variations of the equivalence ratio and residual gas of the initial charge,” SAE Paper no. 941880 1994
- Grunefeld G. Knapp M. Beushausen V. Andresen P. Hentschel W. Manz P. “In-cylinder measurements and analysis on fundamental cold start and warm-up phenomena of SI engines,” SAE Paper no. 952394 1995
- Tishkoff J.M. Hammond, D.C. Jr. Chraplyvy A.R. “Diagnostic measurements of fuel spray dispersion,” American Society of Mechanical Engineers New York 1980
- Chraplyvy A.R. “Nonintrusive measurements of vapor concentration inside sprays,” Appl. Opt. 20 2620 2624 1981
- Winkelhofer E. Plimon A. “Monitoring of hydrocarbon fuel-air mixtures by means of a light extinction technique in optically accessed research engines,” Opt. Eng. 30 1262 1268 1991
- Winkelhofer E. Fraidl G.K. Plimon A. “Monitoring of gasoline fuel distribution in a research engine,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. D 206 107 115 1992
- Drallmeier J.A. Peters J.E. “Liquid and vapor phase dynamics of a solid cone pressure swirl atomizer,” Atomiz. Sprays 4 135 158 1994
- Adachi M. McDonell V.G. Samuelsen G.S. “Nonintrusive measurement of gaseous species in reacting and non-reacting sprays,” Combust. Sci. Technol. 75 179 194 1990
- Billings T.P. Drallmeier J.A. “A detailed assessment of the infrared extinction technique for hydrocarbon vapor measurements in a controlled two-phase flow,” Atomiz. Sprays 4 99 121 1994
- Drallmeier J.A. “Hydrocarbon-vapor measurements in pulsed fuel sprays,” Appl. Opt. 33 7781 7788 1994
- Skippon S.M. Tagaki Y. “ILIDS measurements of the evaporation of fuel droplets during the intake and compression strokes in a firing lean burn engine,” SAE Paper no. 960830 1996
- Skippon S.M. Roberts I.R. “Enhanced detection of hazardous gas releases using open path infrared sensors,” Society of Petroleum Engineers Technical Paper no. 23307, 1st SPE Intl. Conf. on Health, Safety, and the Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Hague 1991
- PLMS Ltd Plymouth, England “PLMS Open Path Gas Detector - Model GD 4001, Data Sheet DDS1004 1.2” 1991
- Sieger Ltd Poole, Dorset, England “Searchline open path infrared hydrocarbon gas detector, Specification sheet 971028 10/91,” 1991
- Skippon S.M. Roberts I.R. “Monitoring of fugitive hydrocarbon emissions using open-path infrared sensors,” Society of Petroleum Engineers Technical Paper no. 23324, 1st SPE Intl. Conf. on Health, Safety, and the Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Hague 1991
- Skippon S.M. “Quantitative aspects of the remote measurement of air toxics using differential absorption techniques,” Proceedings of the AW&MA Speciality Conference on Optical Remote Sensing Air & Waste Management Association Houston, Texas 1992
- Bates, S.C. “A transparent engine for flow and combustion visualization studies,” SAE Paper no. 880520 1988
- Bates, S.C “Flame imaging in a spark-ignition four stroke internal combustion optical engine,” SAE Paper no. 890154 1989
- Takemura, J. Sanbuyashi, D. Ando, H. “Effect of turbulence in intake port of MPI engine on fuel transport phenomena and non-uniformity of fuel/air mixing in cylinder,” SAE Paper no. 900162 1990
- Hochhauser Benson J.D. Burns V.R. Gorse R.A. Koehl W.J. Paqinter L.J. Rippon B.H. Reuter R.M. Rutherford J.A. “The effect of aromatics, MTBE, olefins and T90 on mass exhaust emissions from current and older vehicles - the Auto.Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program,” SAE Paper no. 912322 1991
- Quader Sloane T.M. Sinkevich R.M. Olson K.L. “Why gasoline T90 distillation temperature affects emissions with port fuel injection and premixed charge,” SAE Paper no. 912430 1991
- Ely J.F. Huber M.L. “NIST thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon mixtures database (SUPERTRAPP),” National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference database no. 4 U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NIST Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA 1992
- Swindal Dragonetti D.P. Hahn R.T. Furman P.A. Acker W.P. “In-cylinder charge homogeneity during cold start studied with fluorescent tracers simulating different fuel distillation temperatures,” SAE Paper no. 950106 1995